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1130

1130

Events

- February 13 - Innocent II is elected pope
- An antipope schism occurs when Roger II of Sicily supports Anacletus II as pope instead of Innocent II. Innocent flees to France and Anacletus crowns Roger King.

Births

- Eustace IV of Boulogne (approximate date; died 1153)
- Daoji, Chinese Buddhist monk (died 1209)
- Baldwin III of Jerusalem (died 1162)
- Richard de Clare, 2nd Earl of Pembroke (died 1176)
- Zhu Xi, Chinese Confucian scholar

Deaths

- February 13 - Pope Honorius II
- November 11 - Princess Teresa of Leon
- Brahmadeva, Indian mathematician (born 1060)
- Maud, 2nd Countess of Huntingdon (born 1074)
- Robert of Bellême, 3rd Earl of Shrewsbury (born 1052) Category:1130 ko:1130년

February 13

February 13 is the 44th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. There are 321 days remaining, 322 in leap years.

Events

- 1130 - Innocent II is voted Pope.
- 1542 - Catherine Howard, the fifth wife of Henry VIII of England, is executed for adultery.
- 1575 - Henry III of France is crowned at Reims
- 1633 - Galileo Galilei arrives in Rome for his trial before the Inquisition.
- 1635 - The first public school in the U.S., Boston Latin Public School, is founded.
- 1668 - Spain recognizes Portugal as an independent nation.
- 1689 - William and Mary are proclaimed co-rulers of England.
- 1692 - Massacre of Glencoe : About 78 Macdonalds at Glen Coe, Scotland are killed early in the morning for not promptly pledging allegiance to the new king, William of Orange.
- 1815 - The Cambridge Union Society founded.
- 1866 - The first daylight robbery in United States history during peacetime takes place in Liberty, Missouri. This is considered to be the first robbery committed by Jesse James and his gang, although James's role is disputed.
- 1880 - Thomas Edison observes the Edison effect.
- 1881 - The feminist newspaper La Citoyenne is first published in Paris by activist Hubertine Auclert.
- 1894 - Auguste and Louis Lumière patent the Cinematographe, a combination movie camera and projector.
- 1914 - Copyright: In New York City the ASCAP (for American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers) is established to protect the copyrighted musical compositions of its members.
- 1920 - The Negro National League is formed.
- 1934 - The Soviet steamship Cheliuskin sinks in the Arctic Ocean.
- 1935 - A jury in Flemington, New Jersey finds Bruno Hauptmann guilty of the 1932 kidnapping and murder of the Lindbergh baby, the son of Charles Lindbergh.
- 1945 - World War II: Soviet Union forces capture Budapest, Hungary from the Nazis.
- 1945 - World War II: The Royal Air Force bombers were dispatched to Dresden, Germany (see Bombing of Dresden in World War II).
- 1955 - Israel obtains 4 of the 7 Dead Sea scrolls.
- 1960 - Nuclear testing: France tests its first atomic bomb.
- 1971 - Vietnam War: Backed by American air and artillery support, South Vietnamese troops invade Laos.
- 1974 - Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, winner of the Nobel Prize in literature in 1970, is exiled from the Soviet Union.
- 1978 - Hilton bombing: a bomb explodes in a refuse truck outside the Hilton Hotel in Sydney, Australia, killing two refuse collectors and a policeman.
- 1979 - The intense February 13, 1979 Windstorm strikes western Washington and sinks a 1/2-mile-long section of the Hood Canal Bridge
- 1984 - Konstantin Chernenko succeeds the late Yuri Andropov as general secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.
- 1988 - 1988 Winter Olympic Games open in Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
- 1990 - German reunification: An agreement is reached for a two-stage plan to reunite Germany.
- 1991 - Gulf War: Two laser-guided "smart bombs" destroy an underground bunker in Baghdad killing hundreds of Iraqis civilians.
- 1996 - The Nepalese People's War began.
- 1997 - Tune-up and repair work on the Hubble Space Telescope is started by astronauts from the Space Shuttle Discovery.
- 1997 - The Dow Jones Industrial Average closes above 7,000 for the first time closing at 7,022.44.
- 2000 - The last original "Peanuts" comic strip appears in newspapers one day after Charles M. Schulz dies.
- 2001 - An earthquake measuring 6.6 on the Richter Scale hits El Salvador, killing at least 400.
- 2002 - Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom gives former New York City mayor Rudolph Giuliani an honorary knighthood.
- 2004 - Travis Metcalfe from the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics discovers the universe's largest known diamond, white dwarf star BPM 37093.

Births

- 1457 - Mary of Burgundy, daughter of Charles the Bold and wife of Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor (d. 1482)
- 1480 - Girolamo Aleandro, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1542)
- 1599 - Pope Alexander VII (d. 1667)
- 1672 - Étienne François Geoffroy, French chemist (d. 1731)
- 1743 - Joseph Banks, English botanist and naturalist (d. 1820)
- 1768 - Édouard Adolphe Casimir Joseph Mortier, French marshal (d. 1835)
- 1769 - Ivan Krylov, Russian fabulist (d. 1844)
- 1805 - Peter Gustav Dirichlet, German mathematician (d. 1859)
- 1873 - Feodor Chaliapin, Russian bass (d. 1938)
- 1884 - Alfred Carlton Gilbert, American athelete, inventor, and businessman (d. 1961)
- 1885 - Bess Truman, First Lady of the United States (d. 1982)
- 1892 - Grant Wood, American painter (d. 1942)
- 1903 - Georges Simenon, French writer (d. 1989)
- 1910 - William Shockley, American physicist and eugenicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1989)
- 1913 - George Barker, British poet (d. 1991)
- 1913 - Rosa Parks, Civil rights activist
- 1915 - Aung San, Burmese Nationalist (d. 1945)
- 1918 - Patty Berg, American golfer
- 1919 - Tennessee Ernie Ford, American musician (d. 1991)
- 1919 - Eddie Robinson, American football coach
- 1920 - Eileen Farrell, American opera soprano (d. 2002)
- 1923 - Michael Bilandic, Mayor of Chicago (d. 2002)
- 1923 - Yfrah Neaman, Lebanese-born violinist (d. 2003)
- 1923 - Chuck Yeager, American pilot and NASA official
- 1929 - Omar Torrijos, Panamanian ruler (d. 1981)
- 1930 - Ernst Fuchs, Austrian artist
- 1933 - Paul Biya, President of Cameroon
- 1933 - Kim Novak, American actress
- 1934 - George Segal, American actor
- 1937 - Susan Oliver, American actress (d. 1990)
- 1938 - Oliver Reed, English actor (d. 1999)
- 1939 - Beate Klarsfeld, German Holocaust investigator
- 1941 - Sigmar Polke, German painter
- 1942 - Carol Lynley, American actress
- 1942 - Peter Tork, American musician and actor (The Monkees)
- 1943 - Geoff Edwards, American game show host
- 1944 - Stockard Channing, American actress
- 1944 - Jerry Springer, American television host
- 1944 - Bo Svenson, Swedish-born actor
- 1946 - Colin Matthews, British composer
- 1947 - Mike Krzyzewski, American basketball player and coach
- 1950 - Peter Gabriel, English musician (Genesis)
- 1951 - David Naughton, American actor and singer
- 1954 - Donnie Moore, baseball player (d. 1989)
- 1956 - Peter Hook, English bassist (Joy Division and New Order)
- 1958 - Pernilla August, Swedish actress
- 1960 - Pierluigi Collina, Italian football referee
- 1960 - Matt Salinger, American actor
- 1961 - cEvin Key, musician
- 1961 - Henry Rollins, American musician
- 1962 - Aníbal Acevedo Vilá, American politician
- 1964 - Mark Patton, American actor
- 1968 - Kelly Hu, American actress
- 1971 - Sonia, British singer
- 1971 - Mats Sundin, Swedish hockey player
- 1974 - Robbie Williams, English singer
- 1975 - Iván González, Puerto Rican disc jockey and musician
- 1977 - Randy Moss, American football player
- 1979 - Mena Suvari, American actress

Deaths

- 1130 - Pope Honorius II, Catholic Pope
- 1219 - Minamoto no Sanetomo, Japanese shogun (b. 1192)
- 1322 - Andronicus II, Byzantine Emperor (b. 1260)
- 1539 - Isabella d'Este, Marquise of Mantua (b. 1474)
- 1542 - Catherine Howard, queen of Henry VIII of England (executed) (b. 1525)
- 1571 - Benvenuto Cellini, Italian artist (b. 1500)
- 1585 - Alfonso Salmeron, Spanish Jesuit biblical scholar (b. 1515)
- 1592 - Jacopo Bassano, Italian painter
- 1600 - Gian Paolo Lomazzo, Italian painter (b. 1538)
- 1602 - Alexander Nowell, English clergyman
- 1608 - Konstanty Wasyl Ostrogski, Lithuanian prince (b. 1526)
- 1624 - Stephen Gosson, English satirist (b. 1554)
- 1657 - Miles Sindercombe, attempted assassin of Oliver Cromwell
- 1660 - King Charles X of Sweden (b. 1622)
- 1662 - Elizabeth of Bohemia (b. 1596)
- 1727 - William Wotton, English scholar (b. 1666)
- 1728 - Cotton Mather, American Puritan minister (b. 1663)
- 1732 - Charles-René d'Hozier, French historian (b. 1640)
- 1787 - Ruđer Bošković, Croatian scientist and diplomat (b. 1711)
- 1787 - Charles Gravier, comte de Vergennes, French statesman and diplomat (b. 1717)
- 1813 - Samuel Ashe, Governor of North Carolina (b. 1725)
- 1845 - Henrik Steffens, Norwegian-German philosopher (b. 1773)
- 1883 - Richard Wagner, German composer (b. 1813)
- 1950 - Rafael Sabatini, Italian author (b. 1875)
- 1951 - Lloyd C. Douglas, American author (b. 1877)
- 1952 - Josephine Tey, English author (b. 1896)
- 1964 - Gerald Gardner, British writer (b. 1884)
- 1968 - Mae Marsh, American actress (b. 1895)
- 1976 - Murtala Mohammed, Nigerian military leader (b. 1938)
- 1976 - Lily Pons, French-born soprano (b. 1904)
- 1989 - Wayne Hays, American politician (b. 1911)
- 1980 - David Janssen, American actor (b. 1930)
- 1996 - Martin Balsam, American actor (b. 1919)
- 2000 - James Cooke Brown, American author and inventor (b. 1921)
- 2000 - Charles Schulz, American cartoonist (b. 1922)
- 2002 - Waylon Jennings, American musician (b. 1937)
- 2003 - Kid Gavilan, Cuban boxer (b. 1926)
- 2003 - Axel Jensen, Norwegian author (b. 1932)
- 2003 - Walt Rostow, U.S. government official (b. 1916)
- 2004 - Zelimkhan Yandarbiyev, Chechen leader (b. 1952)
- 2005 - Nelson Briles, baseball player (b. 1943)
- 2005 - Lucia dos Santos, Carmelite nun (b. 1907)
- 2005 - Maurice Trintignant, French race car driver (b. 1917)

Holidays and observances

- 1991, 2002, 2013 Ash Wednesday
- Paul Mazza Day

External links

- [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/february/13 BBC: On This Day]
- [http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/20050213.html The New York Times: On This Day] ---- February 12 - February 14 - January 13 - March 13 -- listing of all days ko:2월 13일 ms:13 Februari ja:2月13日 simple:February 13 th:13 กุมภาพันธ์

Pope Innocent II

Innocent II, born Gregorio Papareschi (b. Rome; d. September 24, 1143), was Pope from 1130-1143, and was probably one of the clergy in personal attendance on the antipope Clement III (Guibert of Ravenna). Paschal II made him a Cardinal Deacon. In this capacity, he accompanied Pope Gelasius II when driven into France; and by Pope Callixtus II, he was appointed on various important missions, such as on that to Worms for concluding the peace accord with the emperor in 1122 (see Concordat of Worms), and on that to France in 1123. On February 14, 1130, he was hurriedly chosen to succeed Honorius II; soon afterwards an opposition asserted itself which issued in the counter-election of Pietro Pierleoni as Pope Anacletus II. Unable to maintain his position in Rome, Innocent took ship for Pisa, and thence sailed by Genoa to France, where the influence of Bernard of Clairvaux readily secured his cordial recognition by the clergy and the court; in October of the same year he was duly acknowledged by Lothar II of Germany and his bishops at the synod of Würzburg. In January 1131, he had also a favourable interview with Henry I of England; and in August 1132 Lothar undertook an expedition to Italy for the double purpose of being crowned by the pope, and of setting aside the antipope. The coronation ultimately took place in the Lateran church (June 4, 1133), but otherwise the expedition proved abortive. A second expedition by Lothar in 1136 was not more decisive in its results, and the protracted struggle between the rival pontiffs was terminated only by the death of Anacletus on January 25, 1138. 1138 in Rome. Pope Innocent II stands at the far left, beside Sts. Laurentius and Calixtus. The Pope is depicted as the founder of the new building of Santa Maria, holding it in his arms.]]By the Second Lateran council of 1139, at which Roger II of Sicily, Innocent's most uncompromising foe, was excommunicated, peace was at last restored to the Church. The remaining years of this pope's life were almost as barren of permanent results as the first had been; his efforts to undo the mischief wrought in Rome by the long schism were almost entirely neutralized by a struggle with the town of Tivoli in which he became involved, and by a quarrel with Louis VII of France, in the course of which that kingdom was laid under an interdict. Innocent died September 24, 1143 and was succeeded by Celestine II. The doctrinal questions in which he was called on to decide were those connected with the opinions of Pierre Abélard and Arnold of Brescia. See also: list of popes named Innocent ---- text from the 9th edition (1880) of an unnamed encyclopedia Innocent 02 Innocent 02 Innocent 02 ko:교황 인노첸시오 2세

Roger II

Roger II (1093 – February 26, 1154), son and successor of Roger I, began his rule in 1112. It is Roger II's distinction to have united all the Norman conquests into one kingdom and to have granted them a scientific, personal and centralized government.

Rise to power in southern Italy

When William the duke of Apulia, son of Roger Borsa and grandson of Robert Guiscard, died childless in June of 1127, Roger claimed all Hauteville possessions and the overlordship of Capua. However the union of Sicily and Apulia was resisted by Honorius II and by the subjects of the duchy itself. At Capua (Dec. 1127), the pope preached a crusade against Roger, setting Robert II of Capua and Ranulf of Alife (brother-in-law of Roger) against him. However this coalition failed, and in August 1128 Honorius invested Roger at Benevento as duke of Apulia. The baronial resistance, which was backed by Naples, Bari, Salerno and other cities whose aim was civic freedom gave way. In September of 1129 Roger was generally recognized as duke by Naples, Capua, and the rest. He began at once to enforce order in the Hauteville possessions, where the ducal power had long been fading. For the binding together of all his states the royal name seemed essential, and the death of Honorius in February 1130, followed by a double election, appeared the decisive moment. While Innocent II fled to France, Roger supported Anacletus II. The price was a crown, and on the 27th of September 1130 a bull of Anacletus made Roger king of Sicily. He was crowned in Palermo on the 25th of December 1130. This plunged Roger into a ten-year war. Bernard of Clairvaux, Innocent's champion, built up a coalition against Anacletus and his "half heathen king". He was joined by Louis VI of France, Henry I of England and the emperor Lothar. Meanwhile South Italy revolted. The rebels defeated the king at Nocera on the 24th of July 1132. Nevertheless, by July 1134 his troops forced Ranulf, Duke Sergius of Naples, and the rebels to submit, while Roger was expelled from Capua. Meanwhile Lothar's contemplated attack upon Roger had gained the backing of Pisa, Genoa and the Greek emperor, each of whom feared the growth of a powerful Norman kingdom. In February 1137 Lothar began to move south and was joined by Ranulf and the rebels. In June he besieged and took Ban. At San Sevenino, after a victorious campaign, he and the pope jointly invested Ranulf as duke of Apulia (August 1137), and the emperor then retired to Germany. Roger, freed from the utmost danger, recovered ground, sacked Capua and forced Sergius to acknowledge him as overlord of Naples. At Rignano Ranulf again defeated the king, but in April 1139 Ranulf died. Roger then subdued the last of the rebels. After the death of Anacletus (January 1138) Roger decided to seek the confirmation of his title from Innocent. The pope, invading the kingdom with a large army, was skillfully ambushed at Galuccio (July 22, 1139). After the king's victory on the 25th July, the pope invested him as "Rex Siciliae ducatus Apuliae et principatus Capuae." The boundaries of the regno were finally fixed by a truce with the pope in October 1144. These lands were for the next seven centuries to constitute the kingdoms of Naples and Sicily. Roger had now become one of the greatest kings in Europe. At Palermo Roger drew round him distinguished men of various races, such as the famous Arab geographer Idrisi and the historian Nilus Doxopatrius. The king welcomed the learned and he maintained a complete toleration for the several creeds, races and languages of his realm. He was served by men of nationality so dissimilar as the Englishman Thomas Brun, a kaid of the Curia, and, in the fleet, by the renegade Muslim Christodoulos, and the Antiochene George, whom he made in 1132 "amiratus amiratorum," in effect prime vizier. This title, amiratus or emir, gave way to the English word admiral. Roger made Sicily the leading maritime power in the Mediterranean. A powerful fleet was built up under several admirals, or "emirs," of whom the greatest was George of Antioch, formerly in the service of the Muslim prince of El Mehdia. Mainly by him a series of conquests were made on the African coast (1135-53) which reached from Tripoli to Cape Bona. The Second Crusade (1147-48) offered Roger an opportunity to revive Robert Guiscard's designs on the Greek Empire. George was sent to Corinth at the end of 1147 and despatched an army inland which plundered Thebes. In June 1149 the admiral appeared before Constantinople and defied the Byzantine emperor by firing arrows against the palace windows. Yet the attack on the empire had no enduring results. The king died at Palermo on the 26th of February 1154, and was succeeded by his fourth son William. Roger II's elaborate coronation cloak, later used by the Holy Roman Emperors, is now in the Imperial Treasury (Schatzkammer) in Vienna. For a picture and description, see [http://www.khm.at/system2E.html?/staticE/page480.html]

Family

Roger II's first marriage was to Elvira Alfonso of Castile, a daughter of King Alfonso VI of Castile. When she died in 1135, rumors flew that Roger had died as well, as his grief had made him a recluse. Their sons were: # Roger, heir, Duke of Apulia, possibly also Count of Lecce (died 1148) # Tancred (died 1143), Prince of Bari # Alphonse (died 1144), Prince of Capua # William I of Sicily, his successor, Duke of Apulia Roger II married secondly to Sibyl of Burgundy, daughter of Hugh II, Duke of Burgundy, but she died a year later in 1150. His third marriage was to Beatrix of Rethel, a grandniece of King Baldwin II of Jerusalem. Beatrix bore him a posthumous daughter, Constance of Sicily. In addition, Roger had several bastard children, one of whom was a daughter who married Margaritone the Admiral, Lord of Malta.

Jolly Roger

In his book Pirates and The Lost Templar Fleet, David Hatcher Childress claims that the term Jolly Roger was coined after the King Roger, the first man to fly the flag. Childress claims that, many years later after the Templars were disbanded by the church, at least one Templar fleet split into four independent fleets that dedicated themselves to pirating ships of any country sympathetic to Rome. The flag was thus an inheritance, and its crossed bones are an obvious reference to the original Templar logo of a red cross with blunted ends.

Sources

- Matthew, Donald. The Norman Kingdom of Sicily (Cambridge Medieval Textbooks), 1992 Category:1093 births Category:1154 deaths Category:Kings of Sicily ja:ルッジェーロ2世

Eustace IV of Boulogne

Eustace IV (c. 1130 – August 17, 1153) was a Count of Boulogne and the son and heir of King Stephen of England. He became the Heir Apparent to his father's lands by the death of an elder brother before 1135, and inherited Boulogne through his mother, Matilda of Boulogne. In 1137, he did homage for Normandy to Louis VII of France, whose sister, Constance, he subsequently married in 1140 (as a widow she remarried to Count Raymond V of Toulouse). Eustace was knighted in 1147, at which date he was probably from sixteen to eighteen years of age. In 1151 he joined Louis in an abortive raid upon Normandy, which had accepted the title of the Empress Matilda (another of many Matildas of the era), and was now defended by her husband, Geoffrey of Anjou. At a council held in London on April 6, 1152, Stephen induced a small number of barons to do homage to Eustace as their future king; but the primate, Theobald, and the other bishops declined to perform the coronation ceremony on the grounds that the Roman curia had declared against the claim of Eustace. Eustace died suddenly the next year, in early August 1153 struck down (so it was said) by the wrath of God while plundering church lands near Bury St. Edmunds. The death of Eustace was hailed with general satisfaction as opening the possibility of a peaceful settlement between Stephen and his rival, the young Henry of Anjou. According to William of Newburgh, King Stephen was "grieved beyond measure by the death of the son who he hoped would succeed him; he pursued warlike preparations less vigorously, and listened more patiently than usual to the voices of those urging peace." The Peterborough Chronicle, not content with voicing this sentiment, gives Eustace a bad character. "He was an evil man and did more harm than good wherever he went; he spoiled the lands and laid thereon heavy taxes." He had used threats against the recalcitrant bishops, and in the war against the Angevin party had demanded contributions from religious houses; these facts perhaps suffice to account for the verdict of the chronicler.

References

- Category:1130 births Category:1153 deaths Category:Heirs to the English & British thrones Category:Heirs apparent who never acceded Category:Counts of Boulogne

1153

Events

- January 6 - Henry of Anjou arrives in England.
- May 24 - Malcolm IV becomes King of Scotland.
- July 9 - Anastasius IV becomes pope.
- November 6 - Treaty of Winchester. Theobald of Bec reconciles Stephen of England and Matilda, ending "The Anarchy" and allowing Matilda's son Henry of Anjou to succeed as king (in 1154).
- The Angevin dynasty takes control of Gascony and Guyenne.
- Andronicus Comnenus is imprisoned for conspiring against Byzantine emperor Manuel I Comnenus.
- Raynald of Chatillon marries Constance of Antioch and becomes Prince of Antioch.
- Baldwin III of Jerusalem takes control of the Kingdom of Jerusalem from his mother Melisende, and also captures Ascalon.
- Taira no Kiyomori assumes control of the Taira clan.
- First mention of Oberglatt in written literature.

Births

- August 17 - William, Count of Poitiers (died 1156)
- Cathal Crobdearg Ua Conchobair, King of Connacht (died 1224)
- William II, King of Sicily (died 1189)

Deaths

- May 24 - King David I of Scotland (born 1084)
- July 8 - Pope Eugenius III
- August 17 - Eustace IV of Boulogne, son of Stephen of England
- August 21 - Bernard of Clairvaux, French churchman (born 1090)
- Ranulph de Gernon, 2nd Earl of Chester
- Gilbert Fitz Richard de Clare, Earl of Hertford (born 1115)
- Anna Comnena, Byzantine princess and historian (born 1083)
- Bernard de Tremelay, fourth Grand Master of the Knights Templar, at the siege of Ascalon Category:1153 ko:1153년 simple:1153

1209

Events

- Albigensian Crusade against Cathars (1209-1218)
- the Franciscans are founded.
- Cambridge University founded.
- In August, Simon De Monfort, leader of Albigensian Crusade, takes over Carcassonne
- Genghis Khan conquers Turkestan

Births

- January 5 - Richard, Earl of Cornwall, Holy Roman Emperor (died 1272)
- Hajji Bektash Wali, Turkish mystic (died 1271)

Deaths

- Daoji, Chinese buddhist monk (born 1130)
- Walter Map, Welsh writer (born 1137)
- Phillipe de Plessis, Grand Master of the Knights Templar (born 1165)
- Fakhr al-Din al-Razi, Persian theologian and philosopher (born 1149) Category:1209 ko:1209년

Baldwin III of Jerusalem

Baldwin III (1130 – February 10, 1162) was king of Jerusalem from 1143–1162. He was the eldest son of Melisende and Fulk of Jerusalem, and the grandson of Baldwin II of Jerusalem.

Succession

Baldwin was among the second generation of children born to the descendents of the original crusaders. He was 13 years old when his father Fulk died, and the kingdom legally passed to his mother as the daughter of Baldwin II. Melisende had ruled with Fulk as a consort, and Baldwin was crowned co-ruler and heir to his mother. However, Melisende also appointed Manasses of Hierges, constable of Jerusalem, as an advisor and the two essentially excluded Baldwin from power. With a woman and a child legally ruling Jerusalem, the political situation was somewhat tense; the northern crusader states increasingly looked to assert their own independence, and there was no king to lead an army to impose the suzerainty of Jerusalem as Baldwin II or Fulk had done. In the Muslim world, Zengi ruled northern Syria from the cities of Mosul and Aleppo, and desired to add Damascus in the south to his control. According to William of Tyre, Fulk had not completely seen to the defense of the Crusader states in the north, and it was there that Zengi was most threatening. In 1144, he captured Edessa, which was a shock to the Western world and led to call for a Second Crusade. This crusade took some time to reach Jerusalem, and in the meantime Zengi was assassinated in 1146. He was succeeded by his son Nur ad-Din, who was just as eager to bring Damascus under his control. To counter this, Jerusalem and Damascus had made an alliance for their mutual protection. However, in 1147 Nur ad-Din and Mu'in ad-Din Unur, the governor of Damascus, made an alliance against Jerusalem, as the kingdom had already broken the treaty by allying with one of Unur's rebellious vassals. Baldwin marched out from Jerusalem and was defeated outside Bosra, although the former truce with Damascus was later restored.

Second Crusade

In 1148 the crusade finally arrived in Jerusalem, led by Louis VII of France, his wife Eleanor of Aquitaine, and Conrad III of Germany. Baldwin held a council at Acre in 1148, but in-fighting and poor planning plagued the crusaders, and Conrad badly advised Baldwin to attack Damascus, despite the peace treaty. Baldwin, perhaps eager to impress the great magnates of Europe who had arrived in his kingdom, agreed to the plan, but the ensuing siege of Damascus was a fiasco and ended in defeat after only four days. Damascus soon fell under Nur ad-Din's control, and the loss of a sympathetic Muslim neighbour was a diplomatic disaster from which no subsequent king of Jerusalem could recover. By 1149 the crusaders had returned to Europe, leaving a weakened Jerusalem. Nur ad-Din took advantage of the crusader defeat to invade the Principality of Antioch in the north, and Prince Raymond was killed in the subsequent Battle of Inab. Baldwin III hurried north to take up the regency of the principality. Raymond's wife, Constance, was Baldwin's cousin through his mother and heiress of Antioch by right of her father. Baldwin tried to marry her to an ally but with no success. Baldwin was unable to help defend Turbessel, the last remnant of the county of Edessa, and was forced to cede it to Byzantine emperor Manuel I Comnenus in 1150. In 1152 Baldwin and his mother were called to intervene in a dispute between Baldwin's aunt Hodierna of Tripoli and her husband Count Raymond II. When the matter was settled, Hodierna was about to return to Jerusalem with them, when Raymond was murdered by the Hashshashin. Baldwin remained behind to settle the affairs of the County, while Hodierna took up the regency for her young son Raymond III of Tripoli. Now, Edessa had been lost and Antioch and Tripoli had no leaders; only Jerusalem had a true king, but even there a dispute was brewing.

Civil war

By 1152 Baldwin had been of age to rule by himself for seven years, and he began to assert himself in political affairs. Though he had not previously expressed an interest in the administration of the country, he now demanded more authority. He and his mother had become increasingly estranged since 1150, and Baldwin blamed the constable Manasses for interfering with his legal succession. In early 1152 Baldwin demanded a second coronation from Patriarch Fulcher, separate from his mother. The patriarch refused and as a kind of self-coronation Baldwin paraded through the city streets with laurel wreaths on his head. Baldwin and Melisende agreed to put the matter before the Haute Cour, or royal council. The Haute Cour returned a decision that would divide the kingdom into two administrative districts. Baldwin would retain Galilee in the north, including the cities of Acre and Tyre, while Melisende held the richer Judea and Samaria, including Nablus and Jerusalem itself. Supporting Melisende in the south were Manasses, and Baldwin's younger brother Amalric, who held the County of Jaffa within Melisende's jurisdiction. Neither Baldwin nor Melisende were pleased with the decision, as Baldwin wanted to rule the entire kingdom and realized it would divide the country's resources, but in order to prevent a civil war Melisende agreed to the compromise. Within weeks of the division Baldwin launched an invasion of the south. Manasses was defeated at the castle of Mirabel and exiled, and Nablus fell quickly as well. To prevent further violence, Jerusalem opened its gates to Baldwin. Melisende and Amalric sought refuge in the Tower of David. Throughout the siege the church negotiated with Baldwin. The peace that was settled allowed for Melisende to hold Nablus for life, with a solemn oath by Baldwin not to disturb her peace. Baldwin named his supporter Humphrey II of Toron as the new constable. By 1154 mother and son were reconciled, as Baldwin was astute enough to realize his mother's expertise in statecraft. Though she was "retired", she maintained great influence in court and government affairs, acting as regent for Baldwin while he was on campaign.

Recovery

During the civil war, Nur ad-Din had been busy consolidating his control of Damascus following the death of Mu'in ad-Din. With Syria united under one ruler, Jerusalem now had to look to the south, towards Egypt, if it wanted to expand. Egypt was weakened by civil wars as well, after the succession of a series of young Fatimid caliphs. Around 1150 Baldwin refortified Gaza to place some pressure on the nearby Egyptian outpost of Ascalon, and in 1153 Baldwin successfully besieged and captured Ascalon itself. This secured the border with Egypt, although it would later lead to aggressive campaigns against Jerusalem's southern border. Ascalon was added to Amalric's fief of Jaffa, creating the double County of Jaffa and Ascalon. In 1152 Baldwin also defeated an Ortoqid invasion of the kingdom. In 1156 Baldwin was forced to sign a treaty with Nur ad-Din. However, in the winter of 1157–1158 Baldwin led an expedition into Syria, where he besieged Shaizar but was forced to withdraw when a dispute arose between Thierry, Count of Flanders and Raynald of Chatillon, the new husband of Constance of Antioch, both of whom wanted Shaizar for themselves. Baldwin was, however, able to capture Harim, a former territory of Antioch, and in 1158 he defeated Nur ad-Din himself.

Byzantine alliance

Baldwin's modest recovery garnered him enough prestige to seek a wife from the Byzantine Empire. In 1157 he sent Humphrey of Toron to negotiate with Emperor Manuel, and it was decided that Baldwin should marry Theodora, Manuel's niece. The alliance was more favourable to Byzantium then Jerusalem, as Baldwin was forced to recognize Byzantine suzerainty over Antioch, and if Theodora were to be widowed she would be provided the city of Acre. Though Theodora personified the Byzantine-Jerusalem alliance, she was not to exercise any authority outside of Acre. The marriage took place in September of 1158, when Baldwin was 28 years old and Theodora only 13. Relations between Jerusalem and Byzantium improved and in 1159 Baldwin met with Manuel in Antioch. The two became friends, with Manuel adopting western clothes and customs and participating in a tournament against Baldwin. Manuel personally attended to Baldwin when the king was thrown from his horse during the tournament. Later in 1159 Baldwin became regent of Antioch once more, after Raynald of Chatillon had been captured in battle. This offended Manuel, who considered Antioch imperial territory, and the emperor strengthened his ties to the principality in 1160 by marrying Princess Maria, Baldwin's cousin. Baldwin himself suggested Manuel marry another cousin, Melisende of Tripoli, preferring not to see such a close relationship between Byzantium and Antioch.

Death

Queen Melisende died in 1161, and Baldwin himself died in Beirut on February 10, 1162. It was rumoured that he had been poisoned in Antioch by pills given to him by his Syrian Orthodox doctor. “As soon as the king had taken the pills,” says William of Tyre, “he was seized with a fever and dysentery which developed into consumption from which he was never able to obtain relief or help.” On the way home Baldwin remained in Tripoli for a few months, and then continued to Beirut where he finally succumbed to his illness. As William says, “For eight successive days, while the funeral procession moved from Beirut to Jerusalem, lamentation was unrestrained and grief was renewed almost hourly.” Theodora, now queen-dowager, retired to Acre. She was still only 16 years old; their marriage was childless. Baldwin was succeeded by his brother, Amalric I.

Personal characteristics

William of Tyre knew Baldwin personally and gives a lengthy description of the king:

"…He was taller than the average man, but his limbs were so well proportioned to his height that no feature seemed out of harmony with the whole. His features were comely and refined, his complexion florid, a proof of innate strength…His eyes were of medium size, rather prominent and sparkling. He had straight yellowish hair and wore a rather full beard on cheeks and chin. He was of somewhat full habit, although he could not be called fleshy like his brother or spare like his mother..."

Baldwin was well educated, well spoken, and exceptionally intelligent. Unlike his father he had an excellent memory. He spent much of his spare time reading history and was knowledgeable in the jus consuetudinarium of the kingdom, later collected by lawyers like John of Ibelin and Philip of Novara as "the assizes of Jerusalem". He respected church property and did not burden them with taxes. He was friendly to people of all classes, and "voluntarily offered an opportunity of conversing with him to anyone who wished it or whom he casually met. If an audience was requested, he did not refuse it." As a young man he enjoyed dice and other games, and carried on affairs with married women, but as an adult he "became changed for the better", as William says, and remained faithful to Theodora. He was popular and respected by all of his subjects, and even the respect of his enemy Nur ad-Din, who said of Baldwin's death, "the Franks have lost such a prince that the world has not now his like."

Sources

- William of Tyre, A History of Deeds Done Beyond the Sea, trans. E.A. Babcock and A.C. Krey. Columbia University Press, 1943
- Steven Runciman, A History of the Crusades, vol. II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem. Cambridge University Press, 1952
- Bernard Hamilton, "Women in the Crusader States: The Queens of Jerusalem", in Medieval Women, edited by Derek Baker. Ecclesiatical History Society, 1978 Category:1130 births Category:1162 deaths Category:Kings of Jerusalem

1162

Events

- June 3 - Thomas Becket consecrated as Archbishop of Canterbury.

Births

- October 13 - Leonora of England, queen of Alfonso VIII of Castile (died 1214)
- Abd-el-latif, Baghdad traveller and writer
- Genghis Khan, founder of the Mongol Empire (died 1227)
- Muhammad of Ghor, Persian conqueror and sultan (died 1206)
- Renier of Montferrat, Byzantine politician
- Richard de Clare, 4th Earl of Hertford (died 1218)

Deaths

- February 10 - King Baldwin III of Jerusalem (b. 1130)
- June 27 - Eudes II, Duke of Burgundy (b. 1118)
- August 6 - Ramon Berenguer IV, Count of Barcelona
- Haakon II of Norway
- Heloise, lover of Pierre Abélard (born 1101)
- Iziaslav III of Kiev
- Ibn Zuhr, Arab physician (born 1090) Category:1162 ko:1162년

1176

Events

- May 22 - Murder attempt by the Hashshashin on Saladin near Aleppo
- Raynald of Chatillon released from prison in Aleppo
- May 29 - Frederick Barbarossa is defeated in the Battle of Legnano by the Lombard League leading to the pactum Anagninum (the Agreement of Anagni)
- September 17 - Seljuk Turks defeat Manuel I Comnenus at the Battle of Myriokephalon
- Construction begins on the London Bridge
- Cathedral in Sens installs first "horologe"
- Aberdeen becomes a royal burgh.
- Assize of Northampton.
- Carthusian Order approved.
- The first recorded Welsh Eisteddfod is held by Rhys ap Gruffydd at Cardigan.

Births

- Henry de Bohun, 1st Earl of Hereford (died 1220)
- Leopold VI of Austria (died 1230)
- William de Longespee, 3rd Earl of Salisbury (approximate date; died 1226)
- Saint Sava, Serbian prince and archbishop

Deaths

- April 20 - Richard de Clare, 2nd Earl of Pembroke, English soldier (born 1130)
- May 13 - Matthias I, Duke of Lorraine (born 1119)
- August 23 - Emperor Rokujō of Japan (born 1164)
- October 25 - William d'Aubigny, 1st Earl of Arundel, English politician
- Rosamund Clifford, mistress of Henry II of England (born 1150)
- Saint Galdino, Italian archdeacon Category:1176 ko:1176년

February 13

February 13 is the 44th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. There are 321 days remaining, 322 in leap years.

Events

Births

Deaths

Holidays and observances

- 1991, 2002, 2013 Ash Wednesday
- Paul Mazza Day

External links

November 11

November 11 is the 315th day of the year (316th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 50 days remaining.

Events

- 1215 - The Fourth Lateran Council meets, adopting the doctrine of transubstantiation, meaning that bread and wine are transformed into the body and blood of Christ.
- 1620 - In what is now Provincetown Harbor near Cape Cod, the Mayflower Compact is signed on the Mayflower, establishing the basic laws for the Plymouth Colony.
- 1634 - Following pressure from Anglican bishop John Atherton, the Irish House of Commons passes "An Act for the Punishment for the Vice of Buggery" (anal sex).
- 1675 - Gottfried Leibniz demonstrated integral calculus for the first time to find the area under the graph of y = f(x) function.
- 1675 -Guru Gobind Singh becomes the Tenth Guru of the Sikhs.
- 1831 - In Jerusalem, Virginia, Nat Turner is hanged after inciting a violent slave uprising.
- 1839 - The Virginia Military Institute is founded in Lexington, Virginia.
- 1834 - Hans Christian Andersen's The Ugly Duckling was first published.
- 1864 - American Civil War: Sherman's March to the Sea - Union General William Tecumseh Sherman begins burning Atlanta, Georgia to the ground in preparation for his march south.
- 1865 - Treaty of Sinchula is signed in which Bhutan ceded the areas east of the Teesta River to the British East India Company.
- 1874 - Gamma Phi Beta sorority is founded at Syracuse University.
- 1880 - Australian bushranger and bank robber Ned Kelly is hanged in Melbourne.
- 1887 - Anarchist Haymarket Martyrs August Spies, Albert Parsons, Adolph Fischer and George Engel are executed.
- 1887 - Construction of the Manchester Ship Canal starts at Eastham.
- 1889 - Washington is admitted as the 42nd U.S. state.
- 1911 - Many cities in the midwest broke their record highs and lows on the same day as a strong cold front rolls through. (see The 11/11/11 cold wave).
- 1918 - World War I ends: Germany signs an armistice agreement with the Allies in a railroad car outside of Compiègne in France. The war officially stops at 11:00.
- 1918 - Józef Piłsudski comes to Warsaw and assumes supreme military power in Poland. Poland regains its independence.
- 1918 - Emperor Charles I of Austria abdicates.
- 1919 - The Centralia Massacre in Centralia, Washington results the deaths of four members of the American Legion and the lynching of a local leader of the IWW.
- 1921 - The Tomb of the Unknowns is dedicated by US President Warren G. Harding at Arlington National Cemetery.
- 1923 - First try for a putsch by Hitler in Munich (Germany).
- 1930 - Patent number US1781541 was awarded to Albert Einstein and Leó Szilárd for their invention, the Einstein refrigerator.
- 1933 - Dust Bowl: In South Dakota, a very strong dust storm strips topsoil from desiccated farmlands.
- 1940 - World War II: Battle of Taranto - The Royal Navy launches the first aircraft carrier strike in history, on the Italian fleet at Taranto.
- 1940 - The German cruiser Atlantis captures top secret British mail, and sends it to Japan.
- 1940 - Armistice Day Blizzard: An unexpected blizzard kills 144 in U.S. Midwest.
- 1942 - Road to Morocco, starring Bob Hope, Bing Crosby, and Dorothy Lamour, premieres.
- 1962 - Kuwait's National Assembly ratifies the Constitution of Kuwait.
- 1965 - Rhodesia (now called Zimbabwe) was declared independent by the white minority regime of Ian Smith.
- 1966 - NASA launches spaceship Gemini 12.
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