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August 21

August 21

August 21 is the 233rd day of the year (234th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar. There are 132 days remaining.

Events

- 1192 - Minamoto Yoritomo becomes Seii Tai Shōgun and the de facto ruler of Japan. (Traditional Japanese date: July 12, 1192)
- 1680 - Pueblo Indians capture Santa Fe from Spanish during the Pueblo Revolt
- 1770 - James Cook formally claims eastern Australia for Great Britain, naming it New South Wales.
- 1772 - King Gustav III completes his coup d'etat by adopting a new Constitution, ending half a century of parliamentary rule in Sweden and installing him as an enlightened despot.
- 1831 - Nat Turner leads slave revolt in Southampton County, Virginia
- 1841 - The venetian blind is first patented in the United States by John Hampson.
- 1842 - The city of Hobart, Tasmania, is founded.
- 1852 - Tlingit Indians destroy Fort Selkirk, Yukon Territory
- 1856 - America's first consul to Japan, Townsend Harris, arrives in Shimoda. (Traditional Japanese date: July 21, 1856)
- 1858 - The Lincoln-Douglas debates begin
- 1862 - The Vienna Stadtpark opens its gates.
- 1863 - Lawrence, Kansas is destroyed by Confederate guerillas Quantrill's Raiders in the Lawrence Massacre.
- 1878 - The American Bar Association is founded
- 1879 - The Virgin Mary, along with St. Joseph and St. John the Evangelist reportedly appear to the people of Knock, County Mayo, Ireland.
- 1888 - The first successful adding machine in the United States was patented by William Seward Burroughs.
- 1911 - The Mona Lisa was stolen by a Louvre employee.
- 1944 - Dumbarton Oaks Conference, prelude to the United Nations, begins.
- 1959 - President Eisenhower signs an executive order proclaiming Hawaii the 50th state of the union.
- 1968 - Soviet Union-dominated Warsaw Pact troops invade Czechoslovakia.
- 1971 - Black Panther George Jackson is shot and killed in the prison yard at California's San Quentin prison.
- 1976 - Operation Paul Bunyan at Panmunjeom, Korea
- 1986 - Toxic gas erupts from volcanic Lake Nyos in Cameroon, killing over 1700 people.
- 1987 - Hard rock band Guns 'N Roses release their classic debut Appetite for Destruction.
- 1991 - Latvia declares its full independence from the Soviet Union.
- 1991 - Coup attempt against Mikhail Gorbachev collapses.
- 1993 - NASA loses contact with the Mars Observer spacecraft.
- 1997 - The British Rock Group Oasis release album, Be Here Now.
- 1998 - The United States destroys a pharmaceutical plant (erroneously believed to be a chemical weapons plant) in Sudan.
- 2001 - NATO decides to send a peace-keeping force to the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia.
- 2001 - A sixth-century temple is discovered in central Mexico.
- 2001 - The Red Cross announces that a famine is striking Tajikistan, and calls for international financial aid for Tajikistan and Uzbekistan.
- 2002 - Jean Chrétien, Prime Minister of Canada, announces that he will not seek re-election and would resign within eighteen months.
- 2004 - A grenade attack on Bangladesh Awamee League, the bigest political party in Bangladesh kills 22 and injures more than a thousand, including party president Sheikh Hasina.
- 2005 - Pope Benedict XVI concludes World Youth Day with a mass. Over 800,000 people attended the closing liturgy.

Births

- 1165 - King Philip II of France (d. 1223)
- 1535 - Shimazu Yoshihiro, Japanese samurai and warlord (d. 1619)
- 1567 - Francis de Sales, Bishop of Geneva and saint (d. 1622)
- 1597 - Roger Twysden, English antiquarian and royalist (d. 1672)
- 1643 - King Afonso VI of Portugal (b. 1683)
- 1660 - Hubert Gautier, French scientist and civil engineer (d. 1737)
- 1665 - Giacomo F. Maraldi, French-Italian astronomer (d. 1729)
- 1670 - James FitzJames, 1st Duke of Berwick, French military leader (d. 1734)
- 1725 - Jean-Baptiste Greuze, French painter (d. 1805)
- 1754 - William Murdoch, Scottish inventor (d. 1839)
- 1765 - William IV of the United Kingdom (d. 1837)
- 1789 - Augustin Louis Cauchy, French mathematician (d. 1857)
- 1801 - Guillaume Groen van Prinsterer, Dutch politician (d. 1876)
- 1811 - William Kelly, American inventor (d. 1888)
- 1813 - Jean Stas, Belgian chemist (d. 1891)
- 1816 - Charles Frédéric Gerhardt, French chemist (d. 1856)
- 1826 - Karl Gegenbaur, German anatomist (d. 1903)
- 1872 - Aubrey Beardsley, English illustrator (d. 1898)
- 1904 - William "Count" Basie, American bandleader (d. 1984)
- 1906 - Friz Freleng, American movie animator (d. 1995)
- 1908 - M. M. Kaye, British writer (d. 2004)
- 1923 - Shimon Peres, Prime Minister of Israel, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize
- 1924 - Chris Schenkel, American sports journalist
- 1924 - Jack Weston, American actor (d. 1996)
- 1925 - Maurice Pialat, French actor and director (d. 2003)
- 1928 - Art Farmer, American trumpet player (d. 1999)
- 1930 - Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon (d. 2002)
- 1932 - Melvin Van Peebles, American actor and screenwriter
- 1933 - Janet Baker, English opera singer (mezzo-soprano)
- 1936 - Wilt Chamberlain, American basketball player (d. 1999)
- 1938 - Kenny Rogers, American singer and actor
- 1939 - James Burton, American guitarist
- 1939 - Clarence Williams III, American actor
- 1944 - Jackie DeShannon, American singer
- 1944 - Peter Weir, Australian film director
- 1951 - Eric Goles, Chilean mathematician and computer scientist
- 1952 - Joe Strummer, British musician and singer (The Clash) (d. 2002)
- 1954 - Ivan Stang, American writer
- 1956 - Kim Cattrall, English-born actress
- 1959 - Jim McMahon, American football player
- 1962 - Jeff Stryker, American adult film actor
- 1963 - Mohammed VI of Morocco
- 1964 - Trinity Loren, American porn star, model and stripper (d. 1998)
- 1967 - Carrie-Anne Moss, Canadian actress
- 1967 - Serj Tankian, Lebanese-born singer (System of a Down)
- 1969 - Josée Chouinard, Canadian figure skater
- 1970 - Erik Dekker, Dutch professional cyclist
- 1971 - Liam Howlett, British Musician (Keyboardist for (The Prodigy)
- 1978 - Reuben Droughns, American football player
- 1978 - Jason Marquis, American baseball player
- 1980 - Burney Lamar, American NASCAR driver.
- 1984 - Alizée, French singer
- 1991 - Tess Gaerthé, Dutch singer and actress

Deaths

- 1157 - King Alfonso VII of Castile
- 1153 - Bernard of Clairvaux, French theologian (b. 1090)
- 1271 - Alphonse of Toulouse, son of Louis VIII of France (b. 1220)
- 1581 - Sakuma Nobumori, Japanese retainer and samurai (b. 1527)
- 1614 - Elizabeth Báthory, Hungarian serial killer (b. 1560)
- 1627 - Jacques Mauduit, French composer (b. 1557)
- 1673 - Henry Grey, 1st Earl of Stamford, English soldier
- 1689 - William Cleland, Scottish poet and soldier
- 1762 - Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, English writer (b. 1689)
- 1763 - Charles Wyndham, 2nd Earl of Egremont, British statesman (b. 1710)
- 1796 - John McKinly, American physician and President of Delaware (b. 1721)
- 1814 - Benjamin Thompson, American physicist and inventor (b. 1753)
- 1838 - Adelbert von Chamisso, German writer (b. 1781)
- 1940 - Leon Trotsky, Russian revolutionary (b. 1879)
- 1940 - Ernest Lawrence Thayer, American poet (b. 1863)
- 1943 - Henrik Pontoppidan, Danish writer, Nobel Prize (b. 1857)
- 1947 - Ettore Bugatti, Italian automobile manufacturer (b. 1881)
- 1951 - Constant Lambert, British composer and conductor (b. 1905)
- 1957 - Harald Ulrik Sverdrup, Norwegian meteorologist and oceanographer (b. 1888)
- 1960 - David Barnard Steinman, American civil engineer and bridge designer (b. 1886)
- 1978 - Charles Eames, American designer and architect (b. 1907)
- 1982 - Sobhuza II, King of Swaziland (b. 1899)
- 1983 - Benigno S. Aquino Jr., Philippine opposition leader (b. 1932)
- 1995 - Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar, Indian-born astrophysicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1910)
- 1997 - Norris Bradbury, physicist (b. 1909)
- 2000 - Daniel Lisulo, Zambian prime minister (b. 1930)
- 2003 - Kathy Wilkes, English philosopher and aid worker (b. 1946)
- 2003 - Wesley Willis, American musician (b. 1963)
- 2005 - Bob Moog, American pioneer of electronic music (b. 1934)
- 2005 - Dalia Rabikovich, Israeli poet (b. 1936)

Holidays and observances

- Roman festivals - Consualia, in honor of Consus, is held
- RC saints - pope Pius X
- Orthodox - Thaddaeus

External links

- [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/august/21 BBC: On This Day] ---- August 20 - August 22 - July 21 - September 21 -- listing of all days ko:8월 21일 ms:21 Ogos ja:8月21日 simple:August 21 th:21 สิงหาคม

August 21

August 21 is the 233rd day of the year (234th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar. There are 132 days remaining.

Events

Births

Deaths

Holidays and observances

- Roman festivals - Consualia, in honor of Consus, is held
- RC saints - pope Pius X
- Orthodox - Thaddaeus

External links

Minamoto Yoritomo

Minamoto no Yoritomo (Japanese: 源頼朝) (May 9, 1147 – February 9, 1199) was the founder and the first shogun of the Kamakura dynasty of Japan, who ruled from 1192 until 1199.

Early Life and Exile (1147-1180)

Minamoto no Yoritomo was the eldest son of Minamoto no Yoshitomo, the heir of the Minamoto (Seiwa Genji) clan, and his official wife, Fujiwara no Saneori, who was a member of the illustrious Fujiwara clan. Yoritomo was born in Heian( known presently as Kyoto), then the capital of Japan. At that time Yoritomo's grandfather Minamoto no Tameyoshi, was the head of the Minamoto. The cloistered Emperor Toba and his son Emperor Go-Shirakawa sided with the son of Fujiwara regent Fujiwara no Tadazane, Fujiwara no Tadamichi as well as Taira no Kiyomori (a member of the Taira clan), while Cloistered Emperor Sutoku sided with Tadazane's younger son, Fujiwara no Yorinaga. This was known as the Hogen Rebellion, or the 'Hogen Disturbance'. Unfortunately the Seiwa Genji were split. Minamoto no Tameyoshi, the head of the Minamoto, who was Yoshitomo's father and Yoritomo's grandfather, sided with Cloistered Emperor Sutoku. Minamoto no Yoshitomo, who was Tameyoshi's son and Yoritomo's father, sided with Cloistered Emperor Toba and Emperor Go-Shirakawa, as well as Kiyomori. In the end, the supporters of Emperor Go-Shirakawa won the civil war, thus ensuring victory for Minamoto no Yoshitomo and Taira no Kiyomori. Cloistered Emperor Sutoku was placed under house arrest, while Fujiwara no Yorinaga was executed. Even Minamoto no Tameyoshi, Yoshitomo's father, was executed as well, even after numerous pleas from Yoshitomo. Nonetheless, Emperor Go-Shirakawa and Kiyomori were ruthless, and Minamoto no Yoshitomo found himself as the head of the Minamoto, while Yoritomo became the heir. Since Yoritomo was descended from the imperial family on his father's side and the Fujiwara noble family on his mother's side, he received his first court title and was appointed an administrator. Nonetheless, in Kyoto, the Taira clan, now under the leadership of Taira no Kiyomori, and the Minamoto clan, under the leadership of Minamoto no Yoshitomo, began to factionalize again. Taira no Kiyomori supported the Emperor Nijō, who was the son of Go-Shirakawa. Kiyomori had the support of Fujiwara no Nobuyori. Meanwhile, Minamoto no Yoshitomo supported the now cloistered Emperor Go-Shirakawa and their old ally Fujiwara no Tadamichi and the scholar-courtier Fujiwara no Michinori. This was known as the Heiji Rebellion, or the 'Heiji Disturbance'. Nonetheless, the Minamoto were not well prepared, and the Taira took control of Kyoto. In the aftermath, harsh terms were imposed on the Minamoto and their allies. Fujiwara no Michinari and Fujiwara no Tadamichi were executed, while the palace of Cloistered Emperor Go-Shirakawa was burned down by the Taira. Meanwhile, Minamoto no Yoshitomo fled the capital just as the Taira marched in in 1160, but was betrayed and executed by a retainer in Owari. As for Yoritomo, the new head of the Mianmoto, he was exiled to Izu, in the Kanto Plain, which at that time was under the rule of the Hōjō clan. Taira no Kiyomori and the Taira clan were now the undisputed leaders of Japan. Yoritomo was not executed by Kiyomori because of pleas from Kiyomori's stepmother Lady Ikenozunni. Yoritomo's half brother, Minamoto no Noriyori, was also exiled, while Minamoto no Yoshitsune, another half-brother, was forced to enter a monastery. All other siblings were executed. Yoritomo grew up with a life in exile. In 1179, he married into the Hojo clan, led by Hojo Tokimasa. He married Tokimasa's daughter, Hojo Masako. Meanwhile, he was notified of events in Kyoto thanks to helpful friends in Kyoto. He found out of the population's anger at the brutality of Taira no Kiyomori and the entire Taira clan. Soon enough, Yoritomo's passive exile was to be over.

Call to Arms and the Gempei War (1180-1185)

In 1180, Prince Mochihito, a son of Cloistered Emperor Go-Shirakawa, humiliated by the Taira because of the Taira-backed accession of the throne of his nephew, Emperor Antoku (who was half Taira himself) made a national call to arms of the Minamoto clan all over Japan to rebel against the Taira. Yoritomo decided to take part in this, especially after things escalated between the Taira and Minamoto after the death of Minamoto no Yorimasa and Prince Mochihito himself. Yoritomo set himself up as the rightful heir of the Minamoto clan, and, with financial backing of the Hojo, his wife's family, he set up a capital at Kamakura in the east. Not all Minamoto thought of Yoritomo as rightful heir. His uncle, Minamoto no Yukiie, and his cousin Minamoto no Yoshinaka conspired against him. In 1181, Taira no Kiyomori died, and the Taira clan was now led by Taira no Munemori. Munemori took a much more aggressive policy against the Minamoto, and attacked Minamoto bases from Kyoto. Nonetheless, Yoritomo was well protected in Kamakura. His half-brothers, Minamoto no Yoshitsune and Minamoto no Noriyori defeated the Taira in several key battles, but they could not stop Minamoto no Yoshinaka, Yoritomo's rival, from entering Kyoto in 1183 and chasing the Taira south. They took Emperor Antoku with them, so when the Minamoto entered the capital, they enthroned the half-brother of Antoku, Emperor Go-Toba, as the new emperor. Yoritomo was defeated at Ishibashiyama in his first major battle, but in the end he triumphed over his rival cousins, who sought to steal from him control of the clan, and over the Taira, who suffered a terrible defeat at the Battle of Dan-no-ura in 1185. Yoritomo thus established the supremacy of the warrior samurai caste and the first bakufu (shogunate) at Kamakura, beginning the feudal age in Japan which lasted until the mid 19th century. Yoritomo was granted the title of shogun (Sei-I-Tai-Shogun, i.e., "Barbarian-quelling Great General") in 1192, which was eventually passed to his oldest son Yoriie in 1202.

Japanese calendar

station celebrates Hazuki, the eighth month.]] Since January 1, 1873, Japan has used the Gregorian Calendar, with local names for the months and mostly fixed holidays. Before 1873 a lunisolar calendar was in use, which was adapted from the Chinese calendar.

Years

Since the adoption of the Gregorian calendar, three different systems for counting years have or had been used in Japan:
- The Western Common Era (西暦, seireki) designation
- The Japanese era name (年号, nengō) based on the reign of the current emperor, the year 2005 being Heisei 17
- The imperial year (皇紀, kōki) based on the mythical founding of Japan by Emperor Jimmu in 660BCE Of these three, the first two are still in current use; the imperial calendar was used until the end of World War II.

Months

The modern Japanese names for the months literally translate to "first month", "second month", and so on. The corresponding number is combined with the suffix -gatsu (month):
- January - 一月 (ichigatsu)
- February - 二月 (nigatsu)
- March - 三月 (sangatsu)
- April - 四月 (shigatsu)
- May - 五月 (gogatsu)
- June - 六月 (rokugatsu)
- July - 七月 (shichigatsu)
- August - 八月 (hachigatsu)
- September - 九月 (kugatsu)
- October - 十月 (jūgatsu)
- November - 十一月 (jūichigatsu)
- December - 十二月 (jūnigatsu) In addition, every month has a traditional name, still used by some in fields such as poetry; of the twelve, shiwasu is still widely used today. The opening paragraph of a letter or the greeting in a speech might borrow one of these names to convey a sense of the season. Some, such as yayoi and satsuki, do double duty as given names (for women). These month names also appear from time to time on jidaigeki, which are contemporary television shows and movies set in the Edo period or earlier The name of month: (pronunciation, literal meaning)
- January - 睦月 (mutsuki, affection month)
- February - 如月 or 衣更着 (kisaragi or kinusaragi, changing clothes)
- March - 弥生 (yayoi, new life; the beginning of spring)
- April - 卯月 (uzuki, hare month)
- May - 皐月 or 早月 or 五月(satsuki, fast month)
- June - 水無月 (minatsuki or minazuki, water month -- the 無 character is ateji)
- July - 文月 (fumizuki, book month)
- August - 葉月 (hazuki, leaf month)
- September - 長月 (nagatsuki, long month)
- October - 神無月 (kan'nazuki or kaminazuki, no god month), 神有月 or 神在月; (kamiarizuki, god month – only in Izumo province, where all the gods are believed to gather in October for an annual meeting at the Izumo Shrine)
- November - 霜月 (shimotsuki, frost month)
- December - 師走 (shiwasu, priests run; it is named so because priests are busy making end of the year prayers and blessings.)

Days of the month

Each day of the month has a semi-systematic but irregularly formed name: In the traditional calendar, the thirtieth was the last day of the month, and its traditional name, misoka, survives (although sanjunichi is far more common, and is the usual term). The last day of the year is ōmisoka (the big thirtieth day), and that term is still in use.

Days of the week

The seven day week, with names for the days corresponding directly to those used in Europe, was brought to Japan around 800 AD. The system was used for astrological purposes and little else until 1876, shortly after Japan officially adopted the Western calendar. Fukuzawa Yukichi was a key figure in the decison to adopt this system as the source for official names for the days of the week. The names come from the five visible planets, which in turn are named after the five Chinese elements (wood, fire, earth, metal, water), and from the moon and sun (yin and yang).

National holidays

Notes: Single days between two national holidays are taken as a bank holiday. This applies to May 4, which is a holiday each year. When a national holiday falls on a Sunday the following Monday is taken as a holiday. † Traditional date of the founding of Japan by Emperor Jimmu, in 660 BC. Veracity of this claim is often questioned.
- Part of Golden Week

Timeline of changes to the national holidays

- 1948 - The following national holidays were introduced: New Year's Day, Coming-of-Age Day, Constitution Memorial Day, Children's Day, Autumnal Equinox Day, Culture Day, Labour Thanksgiving Day.
- 1966 - Health and Sports Day was introduced in memory of the 1964 Tokyo Olympics. Vernal Equinox Day was also introduced.
- 1985 - Reform to the national holiday law made May 4, sandwiched between two other national holidays also a holiday.
- 1989 - After Emperor Showa died on January 7, the Emperor's Birthday became December 23 and Greenery Day took place of the former Emperor's birthday.
- 2000, 2003 - Happy Monday Seido (ハッピーマンデー制度 Happī Mandē Seido) moved several holidays to Monday. Starting with 2000: Coming-of-Age Day (formerly January 15), and Health and Sports Day (formerly October 10). Starting with 2003: Marine Day (formerly July 20), and Respect for the Aged Day (formerly September 15).
- 2005, 2007 - According to a May 2005 decision, starting with 2007 Greenery Day will be moved from April 29 to May 4, while April 29 will be known as Showa Day.
- 2009 - September 22 may become sandwiched between two holidays, which would make this day a national holiday.

Seasonal days

Some days have special names to mark the change in seasons. The 24 Sekki (二十四節気 Nijūshi sekki) are days that divide a year in the Lunisolar calendar into twenty four equal sections. Zassetsu (雑節) is a collective term for the seasonal days other than the 24 Sekki. 72 Kō (七十二候 Shichijūni kō) days are made from dividing the 24 Sekki of a year further by three. Some of these names are still used quite frequently in everyday life in Japan.

24 Sekki

- 6 January: 小寒 (Shōkan) a.k.a. 寒の入り (Kan no iri)
- 20 January: 大寒 (Daikan)
- 4 February: 立春 (Risshun) - Beginning of spring
- 19 February: 雨水 (Usui)
- 5 March: 啓蟄 (Keichitsu)
- 21 March: 春分 (Shunbun) - Vernal equinox, middle of spring
- 5 April: 清明 (Seimei)
- 20 April: 穀雨 (Kokuu)
- May 6: 立夏 (Rikka) - Beginning of summer
- May 21: 小満 (Shōman)
- 6 June: 芒種 (Bōshu)
- 21 June: 夏至 (Geshi) - Summer solstice, middle of summer
- 7 July: 小暑 (Shōsho)
- 23 July: 大暑 (Taisho)
- 7 August: 立秋 (Risshū) - Beginning of autumn
- 23 August: 処暑 (Shosho)
- 8 September: 白露 (Hakuro)
- 23 September: 秋分 (Shūbun) - Autumnal equinox, middle of autumn
- 8 October: 寒露 (Kanro)
- 23 October: 霜降 (Sōkō)
- 7 November: 立冬 (Rittō) - Beginning of winter
- 22 November: 小雪 (Shōsetsu)
- 7 December: 大雪 (Taisetsu)
- 22 December: 冬至 (Tōji) - Winter solstice, middle of winter Days can vary by ±1 day. See also: Jieqi.

Zassetsu

Shanichi days can vary as much as ±5 days. Chūgen has a fixed day. All other days can vary by ±1 day. Many zassetsu days occur on multiple seasons:
- Setsubun (節分) refers to the day before each season, or the eves of Risshun, Rikka, Rishū, and Rittō; especially the eve of Risshun.
- Doyō (土用) refers to the 18 days before each season, especially the one before fall which is known as the hottest period of a year.
- Higan (彼岸) is the seven middle days of spring and autumn, with Shunbun at the middle of the seven days for spring, Shūbun for fall.
- Shanichi (社日) is the Tsuchinoe (戊) day closest to Shunbun (middle of spring) or Shūbun (middle of fall), which can be as much as -5 to +4 days away from Shunbun/Shūbun.

Seasonal festivals

The following are known as the five seasonal festivals (節句 sekku, also 五節句 go sekku). The Sekku were made official holidays during Edo era. # January 7 (1/7) - 人日 (Jinjitsu), 七草の節句 (Nanakusa no sekku) # March 3 (3/3) - 上巳 (Jōshi, Jōmi), 桃の節句 (Momo no sekku) #: 雛祭り (Hina matsuri), Girls' Day. # May 5 (5/5) - 端午 (Tango), 端午の節句 (Tango no sekku), 菖蒲の節句 (Ayame no sekku) #: Boys' Day. Overlaps with the national holiday Children's Day. # July 7 (7/7) - 七夕 (Shichiseki, Tanabata), 星祭り (Hoshi matsuri ) # September 9 (9/9) - 重陽 (Chōyō), 菊の節句 (Kiku no sekku) Not Sekku:
- January 1 - Japanese New Year
- August 15 - Obon
- December 31 - Ōmisoka

Rokuyō

The rokuyō (六曜) are a series of six days that predict whether there will be good or bad fortune during that day. The rokuyō are still commonly found on Japanese calendars today, and are often used to plan weddings and funerals. The rokuyō are also known as the rokki (六輝). In order, they are:
- 先勝 (senshō) - Good luck before noon, bad luck after noon. Good day for beginnings (in the morning).
- 友引 (tomobiki) - Bad things will happen to your friends. Funerals avoided on this day (tomo = friend, biki = pull, thus a funeral might pull friends toward the deceased).
- 先負 (senbu) - Bad luck before noon, good luck after noon.
- 仏滅 (butsumetsu) - The day Buddha died. Most unlucky day. Weddings best avoided.
- 大安 (taian) - Most lucky day. Good day for weddings.
- 赤口 (shakkō) - The hour of the horse (11 am - 1 pm) is lucky. The rest is bad luck. The rokuyō days are easily calculated from the Japanese Lunar calendar. Lunar January 1st is always senshō, with the days following in the order given above until the end of the month. Thus, January 2nd is tomobiki, January 3rd is senbu, and so on. Lunar February 1st restarts the sequence at tomobiki. Lunar March 1st restarts at senbu, and so on for each month. The last six months repeat the patterns of the first six, so July 1st = senshō and December 1st is shakkō.

April 1

The first day of April has broad significance in Japan. It marks the beginning of the government's fiscal year. Many corporations follow suit. In addition, corporations often form or merge on that date. In recent years, municipalities have preferred it for mergers. On this date, many new employees begin their jobs, and it is the start of many real-estate leases. The school year begins on April 1. (For more see also academic term)

External links

- [http://www.ndl.go.jp/koyomi/e Japanese calendar history by the National Diet Library]
- [http://www2.gol.com/users/stever/calendar.htm The Lunar Calendar in Japan]
- [http://koyomi.vis.ne.jp/mainindex.htm Koyomi no page] in Japanese
- [http://www.asahi-net.or.jp/~nm9m-hsy/koyomi/ Koyomi no hanashi] in Japanese Calendar Category:Specific calendars ja:日本のこよみ ms:Kalendar Jepun

1680

Events

- July 8 - The first documented tornado in America kills a servant at Cambridge, Massachusetts.
- August 21 - Pueblo Indians capture Santa Fe from Spanish during the Pueblo Revolt
- November 17 - Whigs organize pope-burning processions in London
- First Portuguese governor appointed to Macau
- The Swedish city Karlskrona founded as the Royal Swedish Navy relocates there.

Births

- January 23 - Joseph Ames, English author (d. 1759)
- February 14 - John Sidney, 6th Earl of Leicester, English privy councillor (d. 1737)
- February 23 - Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne de Bienville, French colonizer and Governor of Louisiana (d. 1767)
- April 9 - Philippe Néricault Destouches, French dramatist (d. 1754)
- June 22 - Ebenezer Erskine, Scottish religious dissenter (d. 1754)
- September 22 - Barthold Heinrich Brockes, German poet (d. 1747)
- October 19 - John Abernethy, Irish protestant minister (d. 1740)
- John Machin, English mathematician (d. 1752)

Deaths

- February 17 - Denzil Holles, 1st Baron Holles, English statesman and writer (b. 1599)
- February 17 - Jan Swammerdam, Dutch scientist (b. 1637)
- February 22 - Catherine Monvoisin, French sorceress
- March 14 - René Le Bossu, French critic (b. 1631)
- March 17 - François de La Rochefoucauld, French writer (b. 1613)
- March 23 - Nicolas Fouquet, French statesman (b. 1615)
- April 3 - Shivaji, founder of the Maratha Empire (b. 1630)
- May 31 - Joachim Neander, German Calvinist clergyman (b. 1650)
- June 18 - Samuel Butler, English poet (b. 1612)
- August 22 - John George II, Elector of Saxony (b. 1613)
- August 24 - Thomas Blood, thief of the English Crown Jewels (b. 1618)
- June 10 - Johan Göransson Gyllenstierna, Swedish statesman (b. 1635)
- July 10 - Louis Moréri, French encylopedist (b. 1643)
- July 26 - John Wilmot, 2nd Earl of Rochester, English poet (b. 1647)
- July 30 - Thomas Butler, Earl of Ossory, Irish naval commander (b. 1634)
- August 20 - William Bedloe, English informer (b. 1650)
- September 2 - Per Brahe (the younger), Swedish soldier and statesman (b. 1602)
- September 9 - Henry Marten, English regicide (b. 1602)
- September 10 - Baldassare Ferri, Italian castrato (b. 1610)
- September 11 - Roger Crab, English Puritan political writer (b. 1621)
- September 11 - Emperor Go-Mizunoo of Japan (b. 1596)
- October 4 - Pierre Paul Riquet, French engineer and canal builder
- October 30 - Antoinette Bourignon, Flemish mystic (b. 1616)
- November 27 - Athanasius Kircher, German Jesuit scholar
- November 28 - Gian Lorenzo Bernini, Italian sculptor (b. 1598)
- November 28 - Giovanni Francesco Grimaldi, Italian architect and painter (b. 1606)
- December 4 - Thomas Bartholin, Danish physician, mathematician, and theologian (b. 1616)
- December 8 - Henry Pierrepont, 1st Marquess of Dorchester, English politician (b. 1606) Category:1680 ko:1680년 th:พ.ศ. 2223

Pueblo people

The Pueblo People are a diverse group of Native Americans who live in New Mexico and in Arizona and who subsist by farming. When first encountered by the Spanish in the 1500s they were living in villages that the Spanish called "Pueblos," pueblo being the Spanish word for town. About 25 pueblos exist today, Taos, Acoma, Zuni and Hopi the most well known. Hopi

Language groups

While there are numerous subdivisions of Pueblo Peoples that have been published in the literature, Kirchhoff (1954) published a subdivision of the Pueblo Indians into two subareas: the Hopi, Zuni, Keres, Jemez group which share exogamous matrilineal clans, have multile kivas, believe in emergence from the underground, have four or six directions beginning in the north, four and seven as ritual numbers. This group stands in contrast to the Tanoan-speaking Pueblos (except Jemez) who have nonexogamous patrilineal clans, two kivas or two groups of kivas and a general belief in dualism, emergence from underwater, five directions beginning in the east, and ritual numbers based on multiples of three. Eggan (1950) in contrast, posed a dichotomy between Eastern and Western Pueblos, based largely on subsistence differences with the Western or Desert Pueblos of Zuni and Hopi dry-farmers, and the Eastern or River Pueblos irrigation farmers. Lingiustic differences between the Pueblos point to their diverse origins. The Hopi are Uto-Aztecan speakers; the Zuni, who are a linguistic isolate; the Keres speakers who include Acoma, Laguna, Santa Ana, Zia, Cochiti, Santo Domingo, San Feliple. The Tanoan language family consists of three languages or dialects: Towa (Jemez), Tewa (San Juan, San Ildefonso, Santa Clara, Tesuque, Name, Pojoaque, and Hano); and the Tiwa of Taos, Picuris, Sandia, and Isleta.

Descent and History

They are believed to be descended from the three major cultures that dominated the region before European contact: # Mogollon, an area near the Gila wilderness # Hohokam, archaelogical term for a settlement in the Southwest # Ancient Pueblo Peoples or the Anasazi, as termed by professional archaeologists. Historically, they supported themselves mostly by maize agriculture, although they live in one of the more arid regions in North America. European settlement began in the late sixteenth century, but the desert surrounding the Rio Grande Valley precluded massive intrusions into Indian land until the mid-nineteenth century. As a result and despite forced conversions to Catholicism by the Spanish, the Pueblo tribes have been able to maintain much of their traditional lifestyle. There are now some 35,000 Pueblo Indians, living mostly in New Mexico and Arizona along the Rio Grande and Colorado River. They were the first to successfully revolt against the Spanish in the Pueblo Revolt of 1680, which expelled the Spanish for 12 years. It began August 10th; by August 21st, Santa Fe fell. On September 22, 2005, the statue of Po'pay, (Popé) the leader of the Pueblo Revolt, was unveiled in the Capitol Rotunda in Washington D.C. The statue was the second one from the state of New Mexico and the 100th and last to be added to the Statuary Hall collection. It is the only statue in the collection created by a Native American, in this case, Cliff Fragua, a Puebloan from Jemez Pueblo. Most of the Pueblos have annual ceremonies that are open to the public. In many cases, one such ceremony is the Pueblo's feast day, held on the day sacred to its Roman Catholic patron saint. (These saints were assigned by the Spanish missionaries so that each Pueblo's feast day would coincide with a traditional ceremony.) Some Pueblos also have ceremonies around the Christmas holidays and at other times of the year. The ceremonies usually feature traditional dances outdoors accompanied by singing and drumming, interspersed with non-public ceremonies in the kivas. They may also include a Roman Catholic Mass and processions. Formerly, all outside visitors to a public dance would be offered a meal in a Pueblo home, but because of the large number of visitors, such meals are now by personal invitation only. Some feast days appear in the list below.

Culture

Historically, the Pueblos were large communal buildings; each family lived in a single room of the building, but if a family grew large enough, side-rooms were added. Among the Jemez and the non-Tanoan-speakers, ownership of the room was largely matrilineal, from mother to daughter. Thus if a Hopi, Zuni, Keres, or Jemez man were to divorce, he would move from the home of his former wife to the home of his mother or a sister. The other pueblos were patrilineal. Men were expected to tend the fields. They would defend the community in war societies; tribes such as the Navajo, Comanche, and Apache were their traditional enemies. The Spanish successfully re-conquered New Mexico after 1692 by allying themselves with the Pueblo people against their traditional enemies (although events in the 1800s were to modify these political alliances). According to Horgan, Pueblo prayer included substances as well as words; one common prayer material was ground-up maize -- white cornmeal. Thus a man might bless his son, or some land, or the town itself by sprinkling a handful of meal as he uttered a blessing. Once, after the 1692 re-conquest, the Spanish were prevented from entering a town when they were met by a handful of men who uttered imprecations and cast a single pinch of a sacred substance. The Puebloans employed prayer sticks, which were colorfully decorated with beads, fur, and feathers; the prayer sticks (or talking sticks) were also used by other nations. Cloth and weaving were known to the Puebloans before the conquest, but it is not known whether they knew weaving before or after the Aztecs. But since clothing was expensive, they did not always dress completely, in the European tradition until after the conquest, and breechclouts were not uncommon. Corn was a staple food for the Pueblo people. They would use pottery (see images below) to hold their food and water.

List of Pueblos

- Acoma Pueblo NM 87034 - Keres speakers. Oldest continuously inhabited village in US.
- Cicuye Pueblo - now called Pecos Pueblo, survivors moved to Jemez Pueblo 1830s. See [http://www.abqjournal.com/venue/day/heritage7.htm Pecos Pueblo National Monument]
- Cochiti Pueblo NM 87072 - Keres speakers. Church 1628. Feast Day: July 14
- Hopi Tribe Kykotsmovi AZ 86039 - Hopi speakers. Area of present villages settled around 700 A.D.
- Isleta Pueblo NM 87022 - Tiwa speakers. Established 1300s. Feast Days: call.
- Jemez Pueblo NM 87024 - Towa speakers. Photography and sketching prohibited at pueblo, but welcomed at Red Rocks.
- Laguna Pueblo NM 87026 - Keres speakers. Ancestors 3000 BC, established before 1300. Church July 4, 1699. Photography and sketching prohibited on the land, but welcomed at San Jose Mission Church.
- Nambe Pueblo - Tewa speakers. Established 1300s. Ceremonials July 4, October 4
- Ohkay Owingeh Pueblo NM 87566 - Tewa speakers. Originally named O'ke Oweenge in Tewa. Headquarters of the Eight Northern Indian Pueblos Council. Home of the August 1680 Pueblo revolt. Known as San Juan Pueblo until November 2005. Feast Day June 24.
- Picuris Pueblo, Peñasco NM 87553 - Tiwa speakers. Feast Day August 10
- Piru Pueblo or Piro Pueblo, Socorro NM - did not participate in Pueblo revolt
- Pojoaque Pueblo, Santa Fe NM 87506 - Tewa speakers. Re-established 1930s. Feast Day December 12, January 6
- Sandia Pueblo, Bernalillo NM 87004 - Tiwa speakers. Originally named Nafiat. Established 1300s. On the northern outskirts of Albuquerque.
- San Felipe Pueblo NM 87001 - Keres speakers. 1706. Photography and sketching prohibited at pueblo. Feast Day May 1
- San Ildefonso Pueblo, Santa Fe NM 87506 - Tewa speakers. Originally at Mesa Verde and Bandelier. The valuable black-on-black pottery was developed here by Maria and Julian Martinez. Photography and sketching prohibited at pueblo. Heavily-visited destination. Feast Day January 23.
- Santa Ana Pueblo NM 87004 - Keres speakers. Photography and sketching prohibited at pueblo. Feast Day July 26
- Santa Clara Pueblo, Española NM 87532 - Tewa speakers. 1550. Originally inhabited Puyé Cliff Dwellings on Santa Clara Canyon.
- Santo Domingo Pueblo NM 87052 - Keres speakers. Known for turquoise work. Feast Day August 4; Corn Dance.
- Taos Pueblo NM 87571 - Tiwa speakers. World Heritage Site. U.S. National Historic Site. Feast Day September 30. Photography and sketching $20. Commercial work requires advance approval.
- Tesuque Pueblo - Tewa speakers. Originally named [http://www.indianpueblo.org/ipcc/tesuquepage.htm Te Tesugeh Oweengeh] 1200. National Register of Historic Places. Pueblo closed to public. Camel Rock Casino and Camel Rock Suites as well as the actual Camel Rock are open.
- Zia Pueblo NM 87053-6013 - Keres speakers. New Mexico's State Flag uses the Zia symbol. Feast Day August 15
- Zuni Pueblo NM 87327 - Zuni speakers. First visited 1540 by Spanish. Mission 1629 In 1924 these peoples were granted US citizenship. In 1948, they were granted the right to vote in New Mexico.

Gallery of Pottery by the Pueblo peoples

Image:PotteryOfPuebloPeoples.jpg |Pottery of the Pueblo people, Field Museum, Chicago Image:ZiaBowl1.jpg |Zia Pueblo, pottery bowl, Field Museum Image:TesuqueJar2.jpg |Tesuque Pueblo Pottery Jar, Field Museum Image:AcomaBowl2.jpg |Acoma Pueblo, bowl. (background: Tesuque jar.) Field Museum Image:AcomaJar2.jpg |Acoma Pueblo, pottery jar, Field Museum Image:TesuqueJar1.jpg |Tesuque Pueblo, Pottery Jar, Field Museum Image:SanIldefonsoBowl1.jpg |San Ildefonso Pueblo, Black-on-Black Pottery Bowl. Field Museum Image:BirdEffigyJarCicuye1.jpg |Bird effigy, pottery. Cicuye Pueblo, Field Museum Image:CicuyeDeer1.jpg |Deer effigy, pottery. Cicuye Pueblo, Field Museum Image:AcomaJar1.jpg |Pottery Jar, Acoma Pueblo, taken at Field Museum Image:AcomaCanteen1.jpg |Pottery Canteen, Acoma Pueblo, taken at Field Museum Image:JemezBowl1.jpg |Pottery Bowl, Jemez Pueblo, Field Museum, Chicago

Santa Fe, New Mexico

Santa Fe (Spanish, "Holy Faith") (full form: La Villa Real de la Santa Fe de San Francisco de Asís, English: Royal City of the Holy Faith of St. Francis of Assisi) is the capital of New Mexico, a state of the United States of America. It has a population of around 62,203 (2000). It is the county seat of Santa Fe County. Santa Fe County The elevation of Santa Fe is 6,996 feet (2,132 meters) above sea level, compared with 5,280 ft. (1655.4 m) for Denver, Colorado and around 5,352 ft for Albuquerque, New Mexico. The city administration consciously attempts to preserve and display a regional architectural style. By a law passed in 1958, new and rebuilt buildings, especially those in designated historic districts, must exhibit a Spanish Territorial or Pueblo style of architecture, with flat roofs and other features suggestive of the area's traditional adobe construction. Many contemporary houses in the city are built from lumber, concrete blocks, and other materials but with stucco surfaces (fondly known by the locals as "fakeadobe", pronounced as one word) reflecting the historic style. adobe In addition to serving as the state capital, the city depends economically on art, tourism, construction, and real estate development. Set at the base of the Sangre de Cristo Mountains, the city's intellectual climate and cultural attractions have drawn an influx of new residents with an above average income and educational level. Restaurants, boutiques, and galleries line the streets of the city center and Canyon Road. In many demographic trends, Santa Fe exhibits several differences from other areas of New Mexico. The growth boom flagged temporarily in the mid-1990s when Debbie Jaramillo, who opposed the focus on tourism, was elected mayor. Although she was voted out after serving one term, the city continues to face the challenges of continuing drought conditions and a widening divide between locals and recent arrivals. Still, art and tourism remain Santa Fe's biggest industries. Some visitors find Santa Fe particularly attractive around the second week of September when the aspens in the Sangre de Cristo Mountains turn yellow and the skies are clear and blue. This is also the time of the annual Fiesta to celebrate the "reconquering" of New Mexico by Don Diego DeVargas, a highlight is when Santa Feans burn Zozobra, a fifty-foot puppet also called "Old Man Gloom".

History

Zozobra A settlement on the site that would become Santa Fe was first established by Juan Martinez de Montoya in 1607.[http://www.common-place.org/vol-03/no-04/santa-fe/] The town was formally founded and made a capital in 1610, making it the oldest capital city and the second oldest surviving city founded by the European colonists in what land was later to become part of the United States, behind St. Augustine, Florida (1565). (Jamestown, Virginia was also settled in 1607.) Santa Fe was the capital of Nuevo México, a province of New Spain explored by Coronado and established in 1598. The city was founded by Don Pedro de Peralta, New Mexico's third governor. Peralta gave the city its full name, "La Villa Real de la Santa Fe de San Francisco de Asís", or "The Royal City of the Holy Faith of Saint Francis of Assisi". Except for the years 1680-1692, when the native Pueblo people drove the Spaniards out of the area known as New Mexico later to be "reconquered" by Don Diego de Vargas, Santa Fe remained Spain's provincial seat until 1810, with the outbreak of the Mexican War of Independence, and, in 1824, the city's status as the capital of the Mexican territory of Santa Fe de Nuevo México was formalized in the 1824 Constitution. In 1848 New Mexico was seized by the United States from Mexico, and in 1912 New Mexico became that country's 47th state, with Santa Fe as its capital. 1824 Constitution

Culture

1824 Constitution The city has an impressive number of outdoor sculptures. There are many statues of Saint Francis, and quite a few of other saints, such as Kateri Tekakwitha. Given that Saint Francis was known for his love of animals it is not surprising that there are great numbers of representations of crows, bulls, elephants, livestock and other beasts, all over town. The styles run the whole spectrum from Baroque to Post-modern. The town and the surrounding areas have a high concentration of artists. They have come over the decades to capture on canvas and in other media the natural beauty of the landscape, the flora and the fauna. Performance artists and authors followed the influx of specialists in the visual arts. Famous writers like Cormac McCarthy, Roger Zelazny, and Jack Schaefer have been long-time residents.

Geography

Roger Zelazny Santa Fe is located at 35°40'2" North, 105°57'52" West (35.667231, -105.964575). According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 96.9 km² (37.4 mi²). 96.7 km² (37.3 mi²) of it is land and 0.2 km² (0.1 mi²) of it is water. The total area is 0.21% water.

Climate

The average temperate in Santa Fe ranges from a low of 20F (-7C) to a high of 40F (4C) in winter, low of 55F (13C) to a high of 90F (27C) in summer. Santa Fe receives 1-2 inches (2-5 cm) of rain per month in summer and about 5 inches (12 cm) of snow per month in winter.

Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there are 62,203 people, 27,569 households, and 14,969 families residing in the city. The population density is 643.4/km² (1,666.1/mi²). There are 30,533 housing units at an average density of 315.8/km² (817.8/mi²). The racial makeup of the city is 76.30% White, 0.66% African American, 2.21% Native American, 1.27% Asian, 0.08% Pacific Islander, 15.29% from other races, and 4.20% from two or more races. 47.82% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 27,569 households out of which 24.1% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 37.6% are married couples living together, 12.1% have a female householder with no husband present, and 45.7% are non-families. 36.4% of all households are made up of individuals and 10.2% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.20 and the average family size is 2.90. married couples In the city the population is spread out with 20.3% under the age of 18, 8.9% from 18 to 24, 29.0% from 25 to 44, 28.0% from 45 to 64, and 13.9% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 40 years. For every 100 females there are 91.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 89.0 males. The median income for a household in the city is $40,392, and the median income for a family is $49,705. Males have a median income of $32,373 versus $27,431 for females. The per capita income for the city is $25,454. 12.3% of the population and 9.5% of families are below the poverty line. Out of the total population, 17.2% of those under the age of 18 and 9.2% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line. Santa Fe is located along Interstate 25, but the highway does not run through the city proper. Most tourist activity takes place in the historic downtown, especially on and around the Plaza, a one-block square adjacent to the Palace of the Governors, the original seat of New Mexico's territorial government since the time of Spanish colonization. Canyon Road, east of the Plaza, has the highest concentration of art galleries and restaurants in the city, and is a major destination for wealthy tourists and locals. Santa Fe's art market is the third largest in the United States, after New York and Los Angeles, and the Canyon Road galleries showcase a wide array of contemporary Southwestern, indigenous American, and experimental art, in addition to older Russian, Taos Masters, and Native American pieces. The current "re-colonization" of Santa Fe has brought social strife to prior long term residents that has commercialized the beauty of traditional Native American and Hispanic life, land, art, and religion. This process of gentrification has pushed out the culture that can no longer survive in the changed economic conditions brought by "artists" and "movie stars."

External links

- [http://www.santafe.org/ Santa Fe Convention & Visitors Bureau]
- [http://www.santafechamber.com/ Santa Fe Chamber of Commerce]
- [http://www.freenewmexican.com/ Santa Fe New Mexican Newspaper]
- [http://www.santafefaq.com/ Santa Fe Travel Tourism & Relocation Guide]
- [http://santafenm.blogspot.com/ Santa Fe Blog] Category:Cities in New Mexico Category:Santa Fe County, New Mexico Category:U.S. state capitals Category:Communities on U.S. Highway 66

1770

1770 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar).

Events

- March 5 - Boston Massacre: 5 Americans killed by British troops in an event that would help start the American Revolutionary War 5 years later.
- May 14 - Marie Antoinette arrives at the French court.
- May 16 - 14-year old Marie Antoinette marries 15-year old Louis-Auguste (who later becomes Louis XVI King of France).
- May 16 - Fireworks at the wedding of the crown prince of France in Paris cause a fire – 800 dead
- July 1 - Comet Lexell (D/1770 L1) passes the Earth
- August 22 - James Cook claimed for Great Britain the eastern coast of New Holland (Australia)
- Joseph Priestley, British chemist, recommends the use of a rubber to remove pencil marks.
- Joseph Louis Lagrange proves Bachet's Conjecture.

Births

- February 21 - Georges Mouton, Marshal of France (d. 1838)
- March 2 - Louis Gabriel Suchet, Marshal of France (d. 1826)
- March 20 - Friedrich Hölderlin, German writer (d. 1843)
- April 7 - William Wordsworth, English poet (d. 1850)
- April 25 - Georg Sverdrup, Norwegian philologist (d. 1850)
- April 30 - David Thompson, English-Canadian explorer (d. 1857)
- May 10 - Louis Nicolas Davout, Marshal of France (d. 1823)
- August 1 - William Clark, explorer, Governor of Missouri Territory, and Superintendent of Indian Affairs (d. 1838)
- August 3 - King Frederick William III of Prussia (d. 1840)
-

August 21

Events

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Deaths

Holidays and observances

External links

August 21

Events

Births

Deaths

Holidays and observances

External links

Minamoto Yoritomo

Early Life and Exile (1147-1180)

Call to Arms and the Gempei War (1180-1185)

See also

Japanese calendar

Years

Months

Days of the month

Days of the week

National holidays

Timeline of changes to the national holidays

Seasonal days

24 Sekki

Zassetsu

Seasonal festivals

Rokuyō

April 1

See also

External links

1680

Events

Births

Deaths

Pueblo people

Language groups

Descent and History

Culture

List of Pueblos

Gallery of Pottery by the Pueblo peoples

See also

Further reading

Santa Fe, New Mexico

History

Culture

Geography

Climate

Demographics

External links

1770

Events

Births