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Fernando Tambroni

Fernando Tambroni

Fernando Tambroni Armaroli (Ascoli Piceno 1901 – Roma 1963) was an Italian politician of the Christian Democratic Party. He was Prime Minister of Italy 1960. Tambroni, Fernando Tambroni, Fernando Tambroni, Fernando Tambroni, Fernando Tambroni, Fernando

Ascoli Piceno

Ascoli Piceno is a town in the Marche region, Italy, capital of the province of the same name. Its population, according to the 2001 census, is 50.135 inhabitants.

Geography

Geographical location , located 25 km from the Adriatic Sea. The town lays at the confluence of Tronto River with Castellano Creek and is surrounded on three sides by mountains. Two natural parks are located on the north-western flank (Parco Nazionale dei Monti Sibillini) and on the south (Parco Nazionale dei Monti della Laga). Ascoli is well connected by railway to the Adriatic coast and the city of San Benedetto del Tronto and by highway to Rome| and Porto d'Ascoli.

Economy

Recent industrialization brought to Ascoli several Italian and multinational companies (YKK, Manuli, Pharmacia, Barilla) but the bulk of the economy is made up of small and medium sized enterprises and by those providing professional services to the area. Agriculture is still important (wheat, olives, fruits).

History

Ascoli was founded by an Italic population (Sabini) several centuries before Rome on the important Via Salaria (Salaria Road) which connected Latium with the salt production area on the Adriatic coast. In 268 BC it became a civitas foederata, with nominal Independence from Rome. In 91 BC it revolted against Rome together with other cities in central Italy but in 89 BC was conquered and destroyed by Strabone. It acquired anyway the Roman citizenship, following the developments and the eventual fall of the Roman Empire. During the Middle Ages it was conquered by the Lombards in 578, then by the Franks in 789, but ultimately it was the Catholic Church Bishops to gain influence and power inside the city. In 1189 a free republican municipality was established but internal strifes led dramatically to the demise of civic values and freedom, until ambitious lord took over the reins of the city. After two centuries of disorder, the authority of the Pope was reestablished in late 16th century. Ascoli followed then almost two centuries of cultural, economic stagnation, turning into a small agricultural centre until the Napoleonic wars. In 1860 it was annexed together with Marche and Umbria in the Kingdom of Italy.

Tourism

The central historical part of the city is built in marble called travertino, a grey hued stoned extracted from the surrounding mountains. Its central Renaissance square, Piazza del Popolo or Square of the People is considered one of the most beautiful in Italy. The cathedral of Sant'Emidio, the Roman Bridge and the Longbards Tower are some of several historic relics of particular interest.

Culture

The main festivity is on the first Sunday in August. The historical parade with more than 900 people dressed in Renaissance costume is held in celebration of Saint Emidio, protector of the city. The parade is followed by a tournament, called Quintana, in which six knights, each one competing for one of the six neighborhoods in the city, ride the course one after the other trying to hit an effigy of an Arab warrior. Strength and ability are necessary for the knight to win the palio or the grand prize. Category:Towns in the Marche ja:アスコリ・ピチェーノ

1901

1901 (MCMI) was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar).

Events

January-March


- January 1 - World celebrates what is regarded as the start of the new century. (Zero-ists' argument that new century should be celebrated in 1900 rejected worldwide).
- January 1 - The British colonies of New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria and Western Australia federate as the Commonwealth of Australia. Edmund Barton becomes first Prime Minister.
- January 1 - Nigeria becomes a British protectorate
- January 7 - Alferd Packer is released from prison after serving 18 years for cannibalism
- January 10 - The first great Texas gusher, oil discovered at Spindletop in Beaumont, Texas Beaumont, Texas
- January 22 - Death of Queen Victoria. Her eldest son, Prince Albert Edward, Prince of Wales becomes King, reigning as King Edward VII. His son, Prince George, Duke of York becomes Duke of Cornwall.
- February 20 - The legislature of Hawaii Territory convenes for the first time.
- February 25 - J.P. Morgan incorporates the United States Steel Corporation.
- March 2 - The U.S. Congress passes the Platt amendment, limiting the autonomy of Cuba as a condition for the withdrawal of American troops.
- March 6 - In Bremen an assassin attempts to kill Wilhelm II of Germany.
- March 17 - A showing of 71 Vincent van Gogh paintings in Paris, 11 years after his death, creates a sensation.

April-June


- April 25 - New York State becomes the first to require automobile license plates.
- May 5 - Official end of the Caste War of Yucatàn, although mayan skirmishers will continue sporadic fighting for the next decade.
- May 9 - Australia opens its first parliament in Melbourne.
- May 27 - In New Jersey, the Edison Storage Battery Company is founded.
- June 2 - Katsura Taro becomes Prime Minister of Japan
- June 12 - Cuba becomes US protectorate

July-September


- July 4 - The 1,282 foot (390 meters) covered bridge crossing the St.John River at Hartland, New Brunswick, Canada opens. It is the longest covered bridge in the world.
- July 24 - O. Henry is released from prison in Columbus, Ohio after serving three years for embezzlement from the First National Bank in Austin, Texas.
- August 21 - The Cadillac Motor Company formed in Detroit, Michigan, USA
- September 2 - Vice President Theodore Roosevelt utters the famous phrase, "Speak softly and carry a big stick" at the Minnesota State Fair.
- September 5 - The National Association of Professional Baseball Leagues (later renamed Minor League Baseball), is formed in Chicago, Illinois.
- September 6 - American anarchist Leon Czolgosz shoots and fatally wounds US President William McKinley at the Pan-American Exposition in Buffalo, New York. McKinley dies there eight days later.
- September 7 - The Boxer Rebellion in China officially ends with the signing of the Peking Protocol.
- September 9 - Hendrik Frensch Verwoerd, was prime minister of South Africa from 1958 - 1966 (d. September 6 1966)
- September 14 - With the death of William McKinley, Theodore Roosevelt succeeds him as President of the United States.

October-December

President of the United States
- October 2 - Royal Navy's first submarine launched at Barrow
- October 24 – Michigan schoolteacher Annie Taylor goes down Niagara Falls in a barrel and survives
- October 29 - In Amherst, Massachusetts nurse Jane Toppan is arrested for murdering the Davis family of Boston with an overdose of morphine.
- October 29 - Capital punishment: Leon Czolgosz, the assassin of US President William McKinley, is executed by electrocution.
- November 9 - Prince George, Duke of Cornwall becomes Prince of Wales and Earl of Chester.
- November 15 - Miller Reese Hutchinson patents Acousticon, a heavy hearing-aid prototype
- November 27 - U.S. Army War College is established.
- December 3 - US President Theodore Roosevelt delivers a 20,000-word speech to the House of Representatives asking Congress curb the power of trusts "within reasonable limits".
- December 10 – Marie Curie receives doctorate. The first Nobel Prize ceremony is held in Stockholm.
- December 12 - Guglielmo Marconi receives the first trans-Atlantic radio signal in Newfoundland, Canada; it is Morse code for the letter "S."

Unknown dates


- In the United Kingdom, Factory Act forbids child labor under 12
- Two typhoid outbreaks in USA
- Winston Churchill enters the House of Commons
- In Germany, Eugen Hollander makes the first known facelift to a Polish noblewoman
- Scotland Yard creates a fingerprint archive
- Cleveland Indians founded
- Europium discovered by Eugène-Antole Demarçay
- First prototype Harley-Davidson created
- Okapi discovered (previously known only to local natives)
- Independent Maya of Eastern Yucatán surrender to Mexico
- American Standard Version Bible first published.
- Intercollegiate Prohibition Association established in Chicago, Illinois.
- Mordecai Ham, American evangelist enters ministry.

Births

January-March


- January 3 - Ngo Dinh Diem, 1st President of South Vietnam (d. 1963)
- January 4 - CLR James, Trinidad-born writer and journalist (d. 1989)
- January 14 - Bebe Daniels, American actress (d. 1971)
- January 16 - Frank Zamboni, American inventor (d. 1988)
- January 26 - Stuart Symington, American politician (d. 1988)
- January 29 - E. P. Taylor, Canadian business tycoon (d. 1989)
- January 30 - Rudolf Caracciola, German race car driver (d. 1959)
- February 1 - Clark Gable, American actor (d. 1960)
- February 2 - Jascha Heifetz, Lithuanian violinist (d. 1987)
- February 10 - Stella Adler, American actress (d. 1992)
- February 25 - Zeppo Marx, American comedian (d. 1979)
- February 27 - Horatio Luro, Argentine horse trainer (d. 1991)
- February 28 - Linus Pauling, American chemist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry and Peace (d. 1994)
- March 4 - Charles Goren, American bridge player (d. 1991)
- March 17 - Alfred Newman, American film composer (d. 1970)
- March 21 - Karl Arnold, German politician (d. 1958)
- March 22 - Greta Kempton, American artist (d. 1991)
- March 24 - Ub Iwerks, American cartoonist (d. 1971)
- March 27 - Carl Barks, American cartoonist (d. 2000)
- March 27 - Erich Ollenhauer, German politician (d. 1963)
- March 27 - Eisaku Sato, Prime Minister of Japan, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1975)
- March 27 - Kenneth Slessor, Australian poet (d. 1971)

April-June


- April 1 - Whittaker Chambers, American spy (d. 1961)
- April 29 - Emperor Hirohito of Japan (d. 1989)
- April 30 - Simon Kuznets, Ukrainian-born economist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1985)
- May 5 - Blind Willie McTell, American singer (d. 1959)
- May 7 - Gary Cooper, American actor (d. 1961)
- May 17 - Werner Egk, German composer (d. 1983)
- May 18 - Vincent du Vigneaud, American chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1978)
- May 20 - Max Euwe, Dutch chess player (d. 1981)
- May 21 - Horace Heidt, American bandleader (d. 1986)
- May 21 - Sam Jaffe, American film producer (d. 2000)
- June 3 - Chang Hsüeh-liang, Chinese military leader (d. 2001)
- June 17 - F. F. E. Yeo-Thomas, English World War II hero (d. 1964)
- June 18 - Grand Duchess Anastasia of Russia (d. 1918)
- June 24 - Harry Partch, American composer (d. 1974)
- June 29 - Nelson Eddy, American singer and actor (d. 1967)

July-September


- July 9 - Dame Barbara Cartland English novelist (d. 2000)
- July 17 - Bruno Jasieński, Polish poet (d. 1938)
- July 20 - Heinie Manush, baseball player (d. 1971)
- July 31 - Jean Dubuffet, French painter (d. 1985)
- August 4 - Louis Armstrong, American jazz musician (d. 1971)
- August 8 - Ernest Lawrence, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1958)
- August 10 - Franco Dino Rasetti Italian scientist (d.2001)
- August 18 - Jean Guitton, French writer and philosopher (d. 1999)
- August 20 - Salvatore Quasimodo, Italian writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1968)
- September 9 - James Blades, English percussionist (d. 1999)
- September 12 - Ben Blue, Canadian comedian and actor (d. 1975)
- September 15 - Sir Donald Bailey, British civil engineer (d. 1985)
- September 22 - Charles B. Huggins, Canadian-born cancer researcher, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1997)
- September 23 - Jaroslav Seifert, Czech writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1986)
- September 29 - Enrico Fermi, Italian physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1954)
- September 29 - Lanza del Vasto, Italian philosopher, poet, and activist (d. 1981)

October-December


- October 2 - Kiki, French singer (d. 1953)
- October 10 - Alberto Giacometti, Swiss sculptor (d. 1966)
- November 3 - Léopold III of Belgium (d. 1983)
- November 4 - Yi, Bang-ja, Crown Princess of Korea (d. 1989)
- November 22 - Joaquin Rodrigo, Spanish composer (d. 1999)
- December 5 - Walt Disney, American animator and film producer (d. 1966)
- December 5 - Werner Heisenberg, German physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1976)
- December 16 - Margaret Mead, American cultural anthropologist (d. 1978)
- December 19 - Rudolf Hell, German inventor (d. 2002)
- December 25- Princess Alice, Duchess of Gloucester (d. 2004)
- December 31 - Karl-August Fagerholm, Prime Minister of Finland (d. 1984)
- Nadezhda Alliluyeva-Stalin, second wife of Iosif Vissarionovich Stalin (d. 1932)

Deaths


- January 11 - Vasily Kalinnikov, Russian composer (b. 1866)
- January 21 - Elisha Gray, American inventor and appliance manufacturer (b. 1835)
- January 22 - Queen Victoria, Queen of the United Kingdom and Empress of India (b. 1819)
- January 27 - Giuseppe Verdi, Italian composer (b. 1813)
- February 11 - King Milan I of Serbia (b. 1854)
- February 22 - George Francis FitzGerald, Irish mathematician (b. 1851)
- March 13 - Benjamin Harrison, 23rd President of the United States (b. 1833)
- April 3 - Richard D'Oyly Carte, English impresario (b. 1844)
- June 2 - George Leslie Mackay, Canadian missionary (b. 1844)
- July 4 - Johannes Schmidt, German linguist (b. 1843)
- August 5 - Victoria, Empress of Germany (b. 1840)
- August 24 - Clara Maass, American Nurse (d. 1876)
- September 5 - Ignacij Klemenčič, Slovenian physicist (b. 1853)
- September 9 - Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec, French painter (b. 1864)
- September 14 - William McKinley, 25th President of the United States (assassinated) (b. 1843)
- October 1 - Abdur Rahman Khan, Amir of Afghanistan
- October 10 - Lorenzo Snow, president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (b. 1814)
- October 29 - Leon Czolgosz assassin of U.S. President William McKinley (b. 1873)
- November 7 - Li Hongzhang, Chinese general (b. 1823)
- November 30 - Edward John Eyre, English explorer (b. 1815)
- December 1 - George Lohmann, English cricketer (tuberculosis) (b. 1865)

Nobel Prizes


- Physics - Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen
- Chemistry - Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff
- Medicine - Emil Adolf von Behring
- Literature - Sully Prudhomme
- Peace - Jean Henri Dunant, Frédéric Passy Category:1901 ko:1901년 ms:1901 ja:1901年 simple:1901 th:พ.ศ. 2444

Rome

Rome (Italian and Latin: Roma) is the capital of Italy and of its Latium region. It is located on the Tiber and Aniene rivers, near the Mediterranean Sea, at . The Vatican City, a sovereign enclave within Rome, is the seat of the Roman Catholic Church and the home of the Pope. Rome is the largest city and comune in Italy; the comune or municipality is one of the largest in Europe with an area of 1290 square kilometers. Within the city limits, the population is 2,823,807 (2004); almost 4 million live in the general area of Rome as represented by the province of Rome. The current mayor of Rome is Walter Veltroni. With a GDP of €75 billion (higher than New Zealand's and equivalent to Singapore's — all three have roughly the same population of around 4 million), in the year 2001 the comune of Rome produced 6.5% of Italy's total GDP, the highest rate among all of Italy's cities. The city's history extends nearly 2,800 years, during which time it has been the seat of ancient Rome (the Roman Kingdom, Roman Republic, Roman Empire), and later the Papal States, Kingdom of Italy and Italian Republic.

History

Demographics

Throughout its long history Rome has been a centre of learning, trade and commerce. The native Italian population have shared their city throughout the ages with migrants from across Europe and the wider world. In ancient times a large proportion of the population were foreign merchants, slaves, officials and their descendants who came from across the wide empire which bore the city's name. Today the population is very diverse with immigrants thought to make up as much as 20% of the population of the city.

Economy

Today Rome has a dynamic and diverse economy concentrating on innovation, technologies, communications and the service sector. They produce 6.5% of the national GDP (more than any other city in the Italy) and continues to grow at a higher rate than those in the rest of the country. Tourism is inevitably one of Rome's chief industries. The city is also a centre for banking, publishing, insurance, fashion, high-tech industries, housing, cinema (particularly at the famous Cinecittà studios, dubbed the "Hollywood on the Tiber"), and the aerospace industries. Many international headquarters, government ministries, conference centres, sports venues and museums are located in Rome's principal business districts: the E.U.R. (Esposizione Universale Roma); the Torrino (further south from the E.U.R.); the Magliana; the Parco de' Medici-Laurentina and the so-called Tiburtina-valley along the ancient Via Tiburtina.

Transportation

Esposizione Universale Roma district.]] Esposizione Universale Roma) from the park around the artificial lake. Rome, EUR district.]] Rome has an intercontinental airport named Leonardo Da Vinci International Airport - FCO, but more commonly known as Fiumicino, which also is Italy's chief airport, and the Giovan-Battista Pastine international airport (commonly referred to as Ciampino Airport), a joint civilian and military airport southeast of the city-center, along the Via Appia, which handles mainly charter flights and regional European flights including some low-cost airlines. A third airport, called Aeroporto dell'Urbe, is located in the north of the city along the ancient Via Salaria and handles mainly helicopters and private flights. A fourth airport, called Aeroporto di Centocelle, in the eastern part of Rome between the Via Prenestina and the Via Casilina, has been abandoned for some years now, but is currently being redeveloped as one of the largest public parks in Rome. A subway system operates in Rome called the "Metropolitana" or Rome Metro which was opened in 1955. There are 2 lines (A & B), a third (C) and a new branch of the B-line (B1) are under construction, while a fourth line (D) has been planned. The frequent archaeological findings delay underground work. Today's (2005) total length is 38 km. The two existing lines, A & B, only intersect at one point, Termini Station, the main train station in Rome (which also is the largest train station in Europe, underneath and around which exists now a lively shopping center known as the "Forum Termini" with more than 100 shops of various types). Other stations includes: Tiburtina (second-largest, which is currently being redeveloped and enlarged to become the main high-speed train hub in the city), Ostiense, Trastevere, Tuscolana, S. Pietro, Casilina, Torricola. The Rome Metro is part of an extensive transport network made of a tramway network, several suburban and urban lines in and around the city of Rome, plus an "express line" to Fiumicino Airport. Whereas most FS-Regionale lines (Regional State Railways) do provide mostly a suburban service with more than 20 stations scattered throughout the city, the Roma-Lido (starting at Ostiense station), the Roma-Pantano (starting nearby Termini) and the Roma-Nord (starting at Flaminio station) lines offer a metro-like service. Rome also has a comprehensive bus system. The web site (translated in english) of the [http://www.atac.roma.it/index.asp?lng=2 public transportation company (ATAC)] allows a route to be calculated using the buses and subways. [http://www.atac.roma.it/biglietti/index.asp?COD=320&LNG=2 Metrebus integrated fare system] allows holders of tickets and integrated passes to travel on all companies vehicles, within the validity time of the ticket purchased. Chronic congestion caused by cars during the 1970s and 1980s led to the banning of unauthorized traffic from the central part of city during workdays from 6.00 a.m to 6 p.m. (this area is officially called Zona a Traffico Limitato, Z.T.L. in short). Heavy traffic due to night-life crowds during week-ends led in recent years to the creation of other Z.T.L.s in the Trastevere and S. Lorenzo districts during the night, and to the experimentation of a new night Z.T.L. also in the city center (plans to create a night Z.T.L. in the Testaccio district as well are underway). In recent years, parking-spaces along the streets in wide areas of the city have been converted to pay-parkings, as new underground parkings spread throughout the city. In spite of all these measures, traffic remains an unsolved problem, as in the rest of the world's cities.

Education

Z.T.L. Rome continues to be the major education and research center of Italy, with many major universities that offer degrees in all fields. Among the prestigious educational establishments in Rome is the University of Rome La Sapienza (founded 1303), which is Europe’s biggest university with almost 150,000 students. The city is also home to three other public universities: Università degli studi di Roma “Tor Vergata”, more commonly called Roma 2, University of Roma Tre and the Istituto Universitario di Scienze Motorie. Undisputed as the greatest repository of western art of the last 3,000 years of human history, Rome is home to many foreign academic institutions, as well, such as The American Academy, The British School, The French Institute, The German Archaeological Institute, The Swedish Institute, and The Finnish Institute, The Japan Foundation. Several private universities are as well located in Rome, as:
- LUISS University (Libera università internazionale degli studi sociali), probably the most prestigious private university in Rome;
- Università Cattolica Del Sacro Cuore, a renowned university in Italy;
- John Cabot University, a private American University;
- LUMSA University (Libera Universita Maria SS. Assunta);
- University of Malta, an International University;
- Libera Università di Roma "Leonardo da Vinci";
- Libera Università Degli Studi "S. Pio V";
- UPTER University;
- I.S.S.A.S. University. Still located in Rome are the Accademia di Santa Cecilia - the world's oldest academy of music (founded 1584), St. John's University's Rome campus which is located at the Pontificio Oratorio San Pietro, several academies of fine arts, colleges of the church, medical and Health research instituts.

Monuments and sights


- See Wikipedia's category "Monuments and sights of Rome"

Houses of worship

Churches

Rome is home to over 900 churches.

Basilicas

Patriarchal basilicas

- San Giovanni in Laterano (St. John in Lateran)
- San Pietro in Vaticano (St. Peter's)
- San Paolo fuori le Mura (St. Paul outside the Walls)
- Santa Maria Maggiore (St. Mary Major)
- San Lorenzo fuori le Mura (St. Lawrence outside the Walls)
Other basilicas

- Sant'Agnese fuori le mura (St. Agnes outside the Walls)
- Sant'Andrea delle Fratte
- Santi Apostoli (Holy Apostles)
- San Bernardo alle Terme
- San Clemente (St. Clement)
- Santi Cosma e Damiano (SS. Cosmas and Damian)
- Santa Croce in Gerusalemme
- San Lorenzo in Lucina
- San Marco (St. Mark)
- Santa Maria degli Angeli
- Santa Maria in Aracoeli
- Santa Maria sopra Minerva
- San Martino ai Monti
- San Pietro in Vincoli (St. Peter in Chains)
- Santa Prassede (St. Praxedis)
- San Saba
- Santa Sabina
- San Sebastiano fuori le mura
- Santi Quattro Coronati
- Santa Maria in Trastevere

Other important churches

The following do not yet have Wikipedia articles, but are important nonetheless:
- San Giorgio al Velabro;
- San Giovanni dei Fiorentini;
- San Lorenzo in Miranda (temple of Antoninus and Faustina)
- Santi Marcellino e Pietro;
- Santa Maria della Pace;
- Santa Maria dei Monti;
- Santo Stefano Rotondo;

Non-Christian places of worship


- Great Synagogue of Rome
- Great Mosque of Rome and Islamic Cultural Center Image:Sicht vom petersdom roma.jpg|View over Rome from St. Peter's Basilica. Image:RomeSinagogue.jpg|Rome's main Synagogue in the old Jewish Ghetto district, on the banks of the Tiber river.

Administrative subdivision of Rome

The Administrative subdivision of Rome consists in the division of the large territory of Rome into 19 Districts.

Province of Rome

Rome is the capital of a province, with an area of 5,352 sq. km, and a total population of 3,700,424 (2001) in 120 comuni. The province can be viewed as the extended metropolitan area of the town of Rome, although in its more peripheral portions, especially to the north, it comprises towns surrounded by firmly rural landscape, just as towns elsewhere thruout Italy.

Markets and shopping areas

Porta Portese

Street market on Sunday mornings, from very early to around 1pm, on the left bank of the Tiber, between Porto Portese and Stazione Trastevere, centred on Via Portuense. The wares are mainly clothes, both old and new. The second-hand clothing stalls are by far the more popular, with the clothes sorted by type (leathers and furs, jeans, coats, children’s clothes, etc) and piled on large tables with everything at the same (low) price. Tables start at 50c, and range up to 20 euro for high-quality leather and fur.

Campo de' Fiori

Campo de' Fiori is one of the oldest markets in Rome, where food and flowers are most frequently found. Though the name literally means "field of flowers," there are no fields in sight; it's in the middle of downtown Rome, off of the Corso Vittorio Emanuele II. The market is open every morning of the week except Sunday. Campo de' Fiori, surrounded by many bars and restaurants, is also a popular destination at night for locals and foreigners alike.

Symbols and trivia

Rome is commonly identified by several proper symbols, including the Colosseum, the she-wolf (Lupa capitolina), the imperial eagle, and the symbols of Christianity. The famous acronym SPQR recalls the ancient age and the unity between Roman Senate and Roman people. Rome is called "L'Urbe" (The City), "Caput mundi" (head of the world), "Città Eterna" (eternal city), and "Limen Apostolorum" (the threshold of the apostles). The town's colors are golden yellow and red (garnet): they stand, respectively, for christian and imperial dignities. Rome has two holidays of its own: April 21 (the founding of Rome), and June 29 (the feast of its patron saints, Peter and Paul). Other locally important dates are December 8 (the Immaculate Conception) and January 6 (Epiphany). The Grande Raccordo Anulare (commonly shortened "Il GRA" or "Il Raccordo"), which is more than 80 km long, once encircled the city. Rome has since grown past this round motorway, with new districts well beyond it. Some proverbs about the Eternal City:
- When in Rome, do as the Romans do.
- All roads lead to Rome.
- Rome wasn't built in a day. During its long history, Rome has always had a scarcity of native inhabitants, so by tradition a "true" Roman is one whose family has lived in Rome for no less than 7 generations: this is the original "Romano de Roma" (in Romanesco, the local dialect of Italian). For the autonomistic party Lega Nord, Rome is the symbol of the allegedly parasytical Italian central government, crystalized in their slogan Roma ladrona ("Thief Rome"). Image:Roma01.jpg|Senatus PopulusQue Romanus. Great Seal of Rome's municipality Image:polizia-roma.gif|Seal of Rome's City Police, with the seal and the she-wolf.

Events

Roma Europa Festival, September Annual appointment for modern art and theatre, music and dance, with artists from of all Europe. Festival Romics, October Comics and Cartoon Festival: exhibitions, cartoon film showings of designers and publishing companies. Roma Jazz Festival, October Festival of jazz music since of 1876. Italian and international artists. Roman Summers, from June to September Various events from music to theater, literary meetings and cinema. Events that take place in the most characteristic places in Rome that attract the participation of thousands of artists from all over the world.

Cultural Events

White Night

Series of events at venues throughout Rome on September: concerts, special outdoor performances, churches and monuments open to the public during, museums open all night with free entrance, shops open all nights. ([http://www.lanottebianca.it/index.asp?lang=en&destinazione=cosa_])

External links


- [http://www.comune.roma.it/cultura/ Official Site of the City of Rome]
- [http://www.romasotterranea.it/ Roma Sotterranea/Subterranean Rome]
- [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/Europe/Italy/Lazio/Roma/Rome/home.html Bill Thayer's Gazetteer of Rome]
- [http://www.geocities.com/Paris/Arc/5319/eng.htm Andrea Pollett's Virtual Roma]
- [http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Agora/9259/roma_ant.htm Roma Antica e Roma Moderna], in Italian
- [http://www.forbeginners.info/rome/ Rome for Beginners]
- [http://www.alberghi-a.roma.it/info.htm Informations and useful numbers about Rome]

Ancient Rome


- [http://www.romeartlover.it/Rome.htm Rome in the footsteps of an XVIIIth Century traveller]
- [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/~grout/encyclopaedia_romana/ Encyclopædia Romana, by James Grout]
- [http://www.maquettes-historiques.net/page4.html La maquette de Rome]
- [http://intranet.grundel.nl/thinkquest/introduction.html "Forum Romanum", a ThinkQuest site]
- [http://www.vroma.org/~forum/ "Forum Romanum" Project at VRoma]

Christian Rome


- See Wikipedia's category "Churches of Rome"

Galleries


- [http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov:81/Newsroom/NewImages/images.php3?img_id=15316 Satellite image of Rome] at NASA's Earth Observatory
- [http://myweb.lmu.edu/fjust/Rome.htm Ancient Rome, Images and Pictures]
- [http://map.cs.telespazio.it/fontane/index.html Fontanelle di Roma], including the aqueducts
- [http://www.compart-multimedia.com/virtuale/us/roma/movie.htm A virtual travel of Rome] pictures and virtual reality movies
- [http://www.rome.info/pictures/ Free Rome Pictures]
- [http://sabin.ro/gallery/album412 Rome Photo Gallery]
- [http://digilander.libero.it/fotogian/roma.html Photos of Rome]
- [http://www.photoroma.com/ PhotoRoma]
- [http://www2.siba.fi/~kkoskim/rooma/pages/MAIN.HTM Vedute di Roma]
- [http://www.secretrome.com Pictures of Rome]
- [http://rome.arounder.com/fullscreen.html Arounder.Com] (QTVR panoramas)

Maps


- [http://www.italy-weather-and-maps.com/maps/italy/lazio.gif Rome and environs (Lazio)]
- [http://www.statravel.co.uk/images/off/short_breaks/map/map_rom.gif downtown Rome]
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- [http://www.activitaly.it/infobase/index.php?lang=en Interactive map (Activitaly)]
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Travel guides


- Category:Capitals in Europe Category:Holy cities Category:Roman sites of the Lazio
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Democrazia Cristiana

Christian Democracy, (Democrazia Cristiana), the Christian democratic party of Italy, commonly called the democristiani or "DC", dominated government for nearly half a century until its demise amid a welter of corruption allegations in 1992-94.

History

Early years

The party was in part a revival of the Italian People's Party (italian: Partito Popolare Italiano) created in 1919 by the priest Don Luigi Sturzo but declared illegal by the Fascist regime in 1925 despite the presence of some members in Benito Mussolini's first government. As Fascism's ruin approached in the latter years of World War II, the Christian Democrats started organising post-Fascist Italy in certain competition but also for a time in coalition with the parties of the center and left. Breaking decisively with its former Communist coalition partners in May 1947, the party went on to win its greatest election victory in April 1948 with the support of the Church and the United States.

Forty-four years in power

United States From 1948 until the 1992, DC was the largest party in parliament, governing in successive coalitions with the smaller Liberal, Republican and Social Democratic parties and, after the 1963, with the Socialist party. Basing its electoral majority largely on the catholic countryside, the party moved over time from its reformist origins to a more conservative role. A short-lived DC government led by Fernando Tambroni (1960), relying on parliamentary support from the Italian Social Movement, Fascism's ideological heir, was disowned by the party following widespread opposition. Later in the sixties, the increased political influence of the left-wing factions, led by Amintore Fanfani, moved the party to a center-left strategy based on the coalition with the Socialist Party.

Factionalism

Party life came to be characterised according to adherence to respective correnti or factions, each identified with individual leaders. Among the leaders who built DC, notable names include those of Alcide De Gasperi, Antonio Segni, Amintore Fanfani, Giulio Andreotti, Aldo Moro and Francesco Cossiga. Many DC members were attacked in the 1970s, and in some cases murdered, by terrorists.

Aldo Moro's murder

The abduction and murder of Aldo Moro in 1978 removed one of the party's most highly-regarded leaders. Aldo Moro was the leader that was trying to replicate the inclusion of the socialist party with the communist one, a highly contested manoeuver in conservative circles. This policy became known as parallel convergences, or the historic compromise. However, this policy was no longer considered after Moro's murder, as the Red Brigades that kidnapped him claimed to be communist. Many conspiracy theories flourished about Moro's murder, and an account satisfactory for all parties involved may never be found. The main issues were:
- When Moro was abducted, the government immediately took a hardline position: the "State must not bend" on terrorist requests. This was a much different position than the one kept in the kidnapping of Ciro Cirillo, a minor political figure for which the government negotiated with terrorists. It has been suggested that some politicians, especially Giulio Andreotti, took the chance of getting rid of a political competitor by letting the terrorists execute him.
- It has been claimed that the hideout of the Red Brigades in Rome where Moro was kept prisoner contained material received from Italian and/or NATO secret services. Also, more than one member of the BR commando would have been an undercover agent of some government agency, but these claims are inherently difficult to substantiate.
- Moro wrote a series of letters during his time as a captive, at times very critical of Andreotti. These letters were kept secret for decades, and published only in the early nineties. After the recovery of Moro's body in a road midway between the headquarters of the Christian Democracy and the Communist party in Rome (with a clear symbolism), the Minister of the Interior Francesco Cossiga resigned, gaining trust from the Communist party, which would later make him the first President of the Republic to be elected at the first ballot.

Corruption and relations to the Mafia

Having ruled the nation for over 40 years with no alternative other than the Communist party, DC members had ample opportunity to abuse their power, and undoubtedly some did. In the 1960s a deputee was indirectly involved in the so-called Montesi scandal (a girl killed after a drug party), and the very president of Italy Giovanni Leone was forced to resign after a scandal involving Lockheed aeroplanes. The scandal regarding the secret society P2 forced the premier Arnaldo Forlani to resign, because he had delayed the publication of the member list (among which many high-ranking bureaucrats, enterpreneurs, army generals and also Silvio Berlusconi). Minister of Public Health Carlo Donat-Cattin was supposedly helped by the minister of Internal Affairs, Francesco Cossiga, to let his son Marco escape from the police while wanted as a terrorist of Prima Linea. In 1992 an investigation was started in Milan, dubbed Mani Pulite. It uncovered endemic corruption practices at the highest levels, causing many spectacular (and sometimes controversial) arrests and resignations. After two years of mounting scandal and divisions, the party disbanded in 1994. Party treasurer Severino Citaristi became the recordman of investigations, with an impressive 72 investigations on him. Being the party's stronghold in the Italian south, it was likely that the Mafia and dishonest politicians may try to collaborate. Of all government parties, DC was the most associated with Mafia in the popular opinion. Leaders as Antonio Gava, Vito Ciancimino, Ciriaco De Mita and especially Giulio Andreotti were perceived by many to belong to a gray zone between simple corruption and mafia business. In the nineties, some of these politicians were acquitted, and their supporters claim this vindicates them. However, skeptics point out that many times these acquittals are based on the trial exceeding, sometimes narrowly, the statutory time limit, as it was the case for Andreotti. In some cases, though not in Andreotti's, this type of expiration was actively sought by employing delaying tactics.

Ideology

The party's ideological sources are principally to be found in democratic and social Catholic doctrines of the 19th century (see Christian democracy), developed in France by Buchez, Lamennais and Le Play, and in Italy by Giuseppe Toniolo and Romolo Murri; in addition, the movement gained limited elements from liberal and social-democratic influences. Of particular influence were the two Papal encyclicals Rerum novarum (1891) of Pope Leo XIII, and Quadragesimo anno (1931) of Pope Pius XI, which were offered a basis for social and political doctrine; in economy, DC opposed the concept of cooperation to competition, and rejected Marxism's idea of conflict among social classes. The so-called "leftist wing" of DC, born with Dossetti, Giorgio La Pira, and Lazzati (represented by the magazine Cronache Sociali) advocated dialogue with leftist parties and gave birth to the concept of center-left, proposing governments with minority socialist participation.

References

[http://www.apolis.com/moro/moro/lettere/indice.htm Aldo Moro's letters] from the "People's prison" (Italian).

External links


- [http://www.cartacanta.it/manifesti/democrazia%20cristiana/index.html Archive of DC posters]
- [http://www.cartacanta.it/manifesti/democrazia%20cristiana%20-%20seconda%20parte/index.html Archive of DC posters, part 2] Category:Catholic political parties Category:Christian Democratic parties Category:Political parties in Italy

Category:1901 births

ko:분류:1901년 태어남 ja:Category:1901年生

Category:Italian Ministers of the Interior

Ministers of the Interior

Category:Natives of Ascoli Piceno

Ascoli

Category:Prime Ministers of Italy

Prime Prime Italy

Red Prussiate

Potassium ferricyanide (K3[Fe(CN)6]) also known as red prussiate, Prussian red or potassium hexacyanoferrate(III), is a coordination compound that is stable at room temperature and pressure and forms ruby red crystals and powder. It is soluble in water and its solution shows some green-yellow fluorescence.It is manufactured by passing chlorine gas through solutions of potassium ferrocyanide. Potassium ferricyanide then separates out of the solution. The compound has widespread use in blueprint drawing and in photography. Iron and copper toning involve the use of potassium ferricyanide. Potassium ferricyanide is used as a reducing agent to remove silver from negatives and positives, a process called dot etching. In color photography, potassium ferricyanide is used to reduce the size of color dots without reducing their number, as a kind of manual color correction. The compound is also used to temper iron and steel, in electroplating, dyeing wool, as a laboratory reagent, and as a mild oxidizing agent in organic chemistry. It was also used with sodium thiosulfate (hypo) to reduce the density of negative. It was known as Farmer's reducer.

See also


- Prussian blue.

External links


- [http://www.ilo.org/public/english/protection/safework/cis/products/icsc/dtasht/_icsc11/icsc1132.htm International Chemical Safety Card 1132] Category:Potassium compounds Category:Iron compounds Category:Cyanides

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