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Fort Tejon Earthquake

Fort Tejon earthquake

The Fort Tejon earthquake occurred on January 9, 1857, with an estimated magnitude of 9.8. It ruptured the San Andreas Fault for a length of 362 kilometers (225 miles), between Parkfield and San Bernardino. Displacement along the fault was 9 meters (30 feet). The epicenter of this earthquake is thought to have been located between Parkfield and Cholame. Only two fatalities were recorded as a result of this earthquake.

External links

- [http://quake.wr.usgs.gov/research/parkfield/history/1857.html USGS Earthquake Hazards Program - 1857 Fort Tejon Earthquake]
- [http://www.data.scec.org/chrono_index/forttejo.html Southern California Earthquake Data Center - 1857 Fort Tejon Earthquake] Category:Earthquakes in the nineteenth century Category:California history

January 9

January 9 is the 9th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. There are 356 days remaining (357 in leap years).

Events

- 1431 - The trial of Joan of Arc begins in Rouen, the seat of the English occupation government.
- 1760 - Afghans defeat Marathas in Battle of Barari Ghat.
- 1768 - Philip Astley stages the first modern circus (London).
- 1788 - Connecticut becomes the fifth state to join the United States.
- 1793 - Jean-Pierre Blanchard becomes the first to fly in a balloon in the United States.
- 1806 - Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson is buried in St. Paul's Cathedral.
- 1839 - The French Academy of Sciences announces the Daguerreotype photography process.
- 1857 - Fort Tejon earthquake, with an estimated magnitude of 7.9
- 1858 - Anson Jones, final President of the Republic of Texas commits suicide.
- 1861 - Mississippi becomes the second state to secede from the Union, preceding the American Civil War.
- 1863 - American Civil War: Battle of Fort Hindman
- 1878 - Humbert I becomes King of Italy.
- 1880 - The Great Gale of 1880 devastates parts of Oregon and Washington with high wind and heavy snow.
- 1882 - Oscar Wilde gives his first lecture on "The English Renaissance of Art" in New York.
- 1894 - New England Telephone and Telegraph installs the first battery-operated telephone switchboard in Lexington, Massachusetts.
- 1903 - Hallam Tennyson, 2nd Baron Tennyson, son of the famous poet Alfred Tennyson, becomes the second Governor-General of Australia
- 1905 - According to the Julian Calendar which was used at the time, Russian workers stage a march on the Winter Palace that ends in the massacre by Czarist troops known as Bloody Sunday, setting off the Russian Revolution of 1905.
- 1912 - Marines invade Honduras.
- 1916 - The Ottoman Empire prevails in the Battle of Çanakkale, as the last British troops are evacuated.
- 1917 - Battle of Rafa
- 1923 - Juan de la Cierva makes first autogiro flight.
- 1929 - The Seeing Eye is established with the mission to train dogs to assist the blind (Nashville, Tennessee).
- 1937 - The first issue of Look magazine goes on sale in the United States.
- 1945 - The United States invades Luzon in the Philippines.
- 1951 - United Nations headquarters officially opens in New York City.
- 1956 - First "Dear Abby" column appears in newspapers.
- 1960 - Construction of the Aswan Dam begins in Egypt.
- 1962 - The NFL prohibits grabbing face masks.
- 1964 - Several Panamanian youths put up the Panamanian flag, and are fired on from the Canal Zone, setting off four days of anti-imperialist insurrection around the country.
- 1972 - RMS Queen Elizabeth is destroyed by fire (Hong Kong harbor).
- 1977 - Super Bowl XI: Oakland Raiders defeat Minnesota Vikings, 32-14.
- 1984 - Clara Peller is featured in the "Where's the Beef?" commercial campaign for Wendy's Restaurants for the first time.
- 1986 - After losing a patent battle with Polaroid, Kodak leaves the instant camera business.
- 1989 - The Sega Genesis is released in New York, New York and Los Angeles, California.
- 1991 - The Soviets storm Vilnius to stop Lithuanian independence.
- 1995 - Valeri Poliakov completes 366 days in space while aboard the Mir space station, breaking a duration record.
- 1996 - Sun Microsystems announces the formation of JavaSoft.
- 1997 - A Comair Embraer 120 crashes during approach into Detroit Metro Airport, killing 29.
- 1999 - After nearly 16 years of operation, the Horizons pavilion at Walt Disney World's Epcot closes permanently. It is razed more than a year later to make way for the new Mission: SPACE attraction.
- 2002 - The United States Department of Justice announces it is going to pursue a criminal investigation of Enron.
- 2005 - Elections are held to replace Yasser Arafat.

Births

1554 to 1899

- 1554 - Pope Gregory XV (d. 1623)
- 1571 - Karel Bonaventura Buquoy, French soldier (d. 1621)
- 1589 - Ivan Gundulic, Croatian poet (d. 1638)
- 1624 - Empress Meisho of Japan (d. 1696)
- 1685 - Tiberius Hemsterhuis, Dutch philologist (d. 1766)
- 1728 - Thomas Warton, English poet (d. 1790)
- 1790 - Per Daniel Amadeus Atterbom, Swedish poet (b. 1790)
- 1811 - Gilbert Abbott à Beckett, English writer (d. 1856)
- 1823 - Johannes Friedrich August von Esmarch, German surgeon (d. 1908)
- 1829 - Thomas William Robertson, English playwright (d. 1871)
- 1829 - Adolf von Schlagintweit, German explorer (d. 1857)
- 1854 - Jennie Jerome, American society beauty (d. 1921)
- 1856 - Anton Aškerc, Slovenian priest and poet (d. 1912)
- 1864 - Vladimir Steklov, Russian mathematician (d. 1926)
- 1868 - S. P. L. Sørensen, Danish chemist (d. 1939)
- 1870 - Joseph B Strauss, American civil engineer (d. 1938)
- 1873 - Hayyim Nahman Bialik, Ukrainian poet and translator (d. 1934)
- 1875 - Gertrude Whitney, American sculptor (d. 1942)
- 1879 - John Broadus Watson, American behaviorist psychologist (d. 1958)
- 1881 - Lascelles Abercrombie, British poet and critic (d. 1938)
- 1881 - Giovanni Papini, Italian writer (d. 1956)
- 1890 - Karel Čapek, Czech writer (d. 1938)
- 1890 - Kurt Tucholsky, German journalist, writer, satirist, and social critic (d. 1935)
- 1892 - Eva Bowring, American politician (d. 1985)
- 1897 - Karl Löwith, German philosopher (d. 1973)
- 1898 - Vilma Banky, Hungarian actress (d. 1991)
- 1898 - Gracie Fields, English vaudeville performer (d. 1979)
- 1899 - Alexander Tcherepnin, Russian composer (d. 1977)

1900 to 1999

- 1901 - Chic Young, cartoonist (d. 1973)
- 1902 - Rudolph Bing, Austrian-born opera manager (d. 1997)
- 1902 - Josemaría Escrivá, Spanish religious author (d. 1975)
- 1904 (O. S.)- George Balanchine, Russian dancer, choreographer, and ballet producer (d. 1983)
- 1908 - Simone de Beauvoir, French author (d. 1986)
- 1912 - Ralph Tubbs, British architect
- 1913 - Richard Nixon, 37th President of the United States (d. 1994)
- 1914 - Kenny (Klook) Clarke, American jazz drummer and composer
- 1915 - Fernando Lamas, Argentine actor (d. 1982)
- 1915 - Les Paul, American guitarist and inventor
- 1916 - Vic Mizzy, American orchestra leader
- 1916 - Peter Twinn, English mathematician and World War II code-breaker (d. 2004)
- 1917 - Herbert Lom, Czech actor
- 1920 - Clive Dunn, British actor
- 1922 - Har Gobind Khorana, Indian biochemist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
- 1922 - Ahmed Sékou Touré, President of Guinea (d. 1984)
- 1925 - Lee Van Cleef, American actor (d. 1989)
- 1928 - Judith Krantz, American author
- 1928 - Domenico Modugno, Italian singer and songwriter
- 1929 - Heiner Muller, German dramatist (d. 1995)
- 1929 - Dorothea Puente, American serial killer
- 1931 - Algis Budrys, American author
- 1932 - Robert P. Casey, American politician (d. 2000)
- 1934 - Bart Starr, American football player
- 1935 - Bob Denver, American actor (d. 2005)
- 1935 - Dick Enberg, American sportscaster
- 1936 - Anne Rivers Siddons, American writer
- 1940 - Jimmy Boyd, American actor, singer
- 1940 - Barbara Buczek, Polish composer (d. 1993)
- 1940 - Ruth Dreifuss, Swiss politician
- 1941 - Joan Baez, American singer and activist
- 1942 - K Callan, American actress
- 1942 - Susannah York, British actress
- 1944 - Jimmy Page, English guitarist (Led Zeppelin)
- 1950 - David Johansen American singer
- 1950 - Rio Reiser, German singer (d. 1996)
- 1951 - Crystal Gayle, American singer
- 1952 - Hugh Bayley, British politician
- 1955 - J. K. Simmons, American actor
- 1956 - Kimberly Beck, American actress
- 1956 - Imelda Staunton, British actress
- 1958 - Mehmet Ali Ağca, Turkish attempted assassin of Pope John Paul II
- 1959 - Mark Martin, NASCAR driver
- 1959 - Rigoberta Menchú, Guatemalan writer, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize
- 1959 - Cristi Minculescu, Romanian musician
- 1963 - Michael Everson, American expert in writing systems and Unicode
- 1965 - Eric Erlandson, American musician (Hole)
- 1965 - Joely Richardson, British actress
- 1967 - Claudio Caniggia, Argentinian footballer
- 1967 - Steven Harwell, American singer and musician (Smash Mouth)
- 1967 - Dave Matthews, South African singer and musician
- 1968 - Jimmy Adams, West Indian cricketer
- 1975 - Angela Bettis, American actress
- 1978 - Chad Johnson, American football player
- 1978 - AJ McLean, American singer (Backstreet Boys)
- 1980 - Sergio García, Spanish golfer

Deaths

1283 to 1899

- 1283 - Wen Tianxiang, Chinese prime minister (executed) (b. 1236)
- 1499 - Johann Cicero, elector of Brandenburg (b. 1455)
- 1514 - Anna, Duchess of Brittany, queen of Charles VIII of France (b. 1477)
- 1543 - Guillaume du Bellay, French diplomat and general (b. 1491)
- 1562 - Amago Haruhisa, Japanese samurai and warlord (b. 1514)
- 1571 - Nicolas Durand de Villegaignon, French naval officer (b. 1510)
- 1598 - Jasper Heywood, English translator (b. 1553)
- 1757 - Bernard le Bovier de Fontenelle, French scientist and man of letters (b. 1657)
- 1677 - Aernout van der Neer, Dutch cartoonist and painter (b. 1603)
- 1766 - Thomas Birch, British historian (b. 1705)
- 1799 - Maria Gaetana Agnesi, Italian scientist (b. 1718)
- 1800 - Jean Étienne Championnet, French general (b. 1762)
- 1805 - Noble Jones, American Continental Congressman (b. 1723)
- 1848 - Caroline Herschel, German-born astronomer (b. 1750)
- 1858 - Anson Jones, 5th and last President of Texas (suicide) (b. 1798)
- 1873 - Emperor Napoleon III of France (b. 1808)
- 1876 - Samuel Gridley Howe, American abolitionist (b. 1801)
- 1878 - King Victor Emmanuel II of Italy (b. 1820)
- 1895 - Aaron Lufkin Dennison, American watch manufacturer (b. 1812)

1900 to 1999

- 1901 - Richard Copley Christie, English scholar (b. 1830)
- 1908 - Wilhelm Busch, German painter (b. 1832)
- 1908 - Abraham Goldfaden, Russian-born actor (b. 1840)
- 1911 - Edwin Arthur Jones, American composer (b. 1853)
- 1918 - Émile Reynaud, French scientist (b. 1844)
- 1923 - Katherine Mansfield, New Zealand writer (b. 1888)
- 1936 - John Gilbert, American actor (b. 1899)
- 1939 - Johann Strauss III, Austrian conductor (b. 1866)
- 1946 - Countee Cullen, American poet (b. 1903)
- 1947 - Karl Mannheim, German sociologist (b. 1893)
- 1961 - Emily Greene Balch, American writer and pacifist, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (b. 1867)
- 1971 - Elmer Flick, baseball player (b. 1876)
- 1972 - Ted Shawn, American dancer (b. 1891)
- 1975 - Pierre Fresnay, French actor (b. 1897)
- 1979 - Sara Carter, American singer, guitarist (b. 1898)
- 1981 - Kazimierz Serocki, Polish composer (b. 1922)
- 1984 - Wolfgang Staudte, German director (b. 1906)
- 1985 - Robert Mayer, British businessman and philantropist (b. 1879)
- 1987 - Marion Hutton, American singer (b. 1919)
- 1987 - Arthur Lake, American actor (b. 1905)
- 1990 - Spud Chandler, baseball player (b. 1907)
- 1992 - Bill Naughton, British playwright (b. 1910)
- 1993 - Svetoslav Roerich, Russian painter (b. 1904)
- 1994 - Johnny Temple, baseball player (b. 1927)
- 1995 - Peter Cook, British actor. satirist, writer, and comedian (b. 1937)
- 1995 - Souphanouvong, President of Laos (b. 1909)
- 1997 - Edward Osobka-Morawski, Prime Minister of Poland (b. 1909)
- 1998 - Kenichi Fukui, Japanese chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (1918)

2000 onwards

- 2000 - Nigel Tranter, Scottish historian and author (b. 1909)
- 2003 - Will McDonough, American sports journalist (b. 1935)
- 2005 - Gonzalo Gavira, Mexican film sound technician (b. 1925)

Holidays and observances

- 1788 - Ratification Day in Connecticut
- 1822 - "I Will Stay" Day, when the portuguese prince Pedro decided to stay in Brazil against the orders of the Portugal king João VI, starting the brazilian independence process.
- 1964 - Memorial day of Patriotic Panamanians for the Panama Canal (Martyrs' Day/Dia de los Martires)
- Roman Catholic - Feast of Saint Adrian
- Eastern Orthodox - Feast of Saint Theophan the Recluse
- Philippines - Feast of the Black Nazarene in Quiapo district, Manila.

External links

- [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/january/9 BBC: On This Day] ---- January 8 - January 10 - December 9 - February 9 — listing of all days ko:1월 9일 ms:9 Januari ja:1月9日 simple:January 9 th:9 มกราคม

San Andreas Fault

]] The San Andreas Fault is a geological fault, known as a right-lateral strike-slip fault, that spans a length of roughly 800 miles (1287 kilometers) through California. The San Andreas Fault marks a transform boundary between the Pacific Plate and the North American Plate. This fault is famous for producing large and devastating earthquakes.

Segments

The San Andreas Fault can be divided into 3 segments. earthquake The southern segment (known as the Mojave segment) begins near the Salton Sea and runs northward before it begins a slow bend to the west when it meets the San Bernardino Mountains. Here, it runs along the southern base of the San Bernardino Mountains, crosses through the Cajon Pass and continues to run northwest along the northern base of the San Gabriel Mountains. These mountains are a result of movement along the San Andreas Fault and are commonly called the Transverse Range. This segment of the fault is the most commonly analyzed of any earthquake fault in the world by geologists. This is due to a cutout of the fault in Palmdale, the second largest city directly sitting on the fault, where the Antelope Valley Freeway passes through it and the deep layers of "shifted" crust can clearly be seen. After crossing through Frazier Park, the fault begins to bend northeast. This area is referred to as the "Big Bend" and is thought to be where the fault locks up in Southern California as the plates try to move past each other. This section of the fault has a recurrence interval of roughly 140 - 160 years. Northwest of Frazier Park, the fault runs through the Carrizo Plain, a long treeless plain within which much of the fault is plainly visible. The Elkhorn Scarp defines the fault trace along much of its length within the plain. The central segment of the fault runs in a northwestern direction from Parkfield to Hollister. While the southern section of the fault and the parts through Parkfield experience earthquakes, the rest of the central section of the fault exhibits a phenomenon called aseismic creep. This results in the fault being able to move without the need of earthquakes. The northern segment of the fault runs from Hollister, through the San Francisco Peninsula where it briefly goes offshore, then follows the coast of California fairly closely to Cape Mendocino, where there is an unstable triple junction where three tectonic plates come together to form a geologically complex and highly unstable zone. To the north lies the Cascadia subduction zone, where the Juan de Fuca plate and the last bit of its lower section sometimes called the Gorda plate, are being subducted under the margin of the North American plate. And west, along the continental shelf, lies the Mendocino fault zone, the strike-slip boundary between the main Juan de Fuca plate and the Pacific plate.

Scientific Research

The small town of Parkfield, California lies along the San Andreas Fault. Seismologists discovered that this section of the fault consistently produces magnitude 6.0 earthquakes about every 22 years. Following earthquakes in 1857, 1881, 1901, 1922, 1934 and 1966, scientists predicted an earthquake to hit Parkfield in 1993. This quake eventually struck in 2004 (see Parkfield earthquake). Because of this frequent activity and prediction, Parkfield has become one of the most popular spots in the world to try to capture and record large earthquakes. In 2004, work began just north of Parkfield on the San Andreas Fault Observatory at Depth (SAFOD). The goal of SAFOD is to drill a hole nearly 3 kilometers into the Earth's crust and into the San Andreas Fault. An array of sensors will be installed to capture and record earthquakes that happen near this area. [http://quake.wr.usgs.gov/research/parkfield/safod_pbo.html] Other research that monitors slip rates along the fault has shown that Los Angeles and San Francisco (which rest on opposite sides of the San Andreas Fault) move towards one another at a rate of a 1/4 inch (0.6 cm) a year.

Notable Earthquakes

The San Andreas Fault has had three notable earthquakes in historic times:
- 1857 - 220 miles (350 kilometers) ruptured in central and southern California, from Parkfield to the Cajon Pass (southeast of Wrightwood). Known as the Fort Tejon earthquake, the epicenter is thought to have been located far to the north, just south of Parkfield. Only two deaths were reported. Estimated magnitude = 8.0
- 1906 - 270 miles (430 kilometers) ruptured in Northern California, from San Juan Bautista to Eureka. The epicenter was near San Francisco. Approximately 3000 people died in the quake and subsequent fires. Estimated magnitude = 7.8 See: San Francisco earthquake of 1906.
- 1989 - 25 miles (40 kilometers) ruptured near Santa Cruz, California, causing 63 deaths and heavy but localized damage to the portions of the San Francisco Bay Area. Magnitude = 7.1. See: Loma Prieta earthquake. On September 28, 2004 at 10:15 am, a magnitude 6.0 earthquake struck at Parkfield, California on the San Andreas Fault. This earthquake was originally expected to occur in 1993 based on the latest earthquake prediction theories known at the time. Eleven more years elapsed before this prediction was finally fulfilled. Despite the extra time between events (38 years compared to an average recurrence interval of 22 years), the magnitude of the earthquake was no larger than originally expected.

External links

- [http://quake.wr.usgs.gov/research/parkfield/index.html The Parkfield Experiment]
- [http://www.icdp-online.de/sites/sanandreas/index/index.html San Andreas Fault Observatory at Depth]
- [http://www.data.scec.org/fault_index/sanandre.html Southern California Earthquake Data Center: San Andreas Fault]
- [http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/earthq3/ USGS: The San Andreas Fault]
- [http://scotthaefner.com/kap/360panos/image.php?i=sanandreas.mov 360 panorama of the Carrizo Plain section of the fault taken from a Kite]
- [http://quake.wr.usgs.gov/kap/carrizo/ Source for the Carrizo Plain images (USGS)] Category:Geology of California Category:Seismic faults Category:Faults simple:San Andreas Fault

San Bernardino, California

San Bernardino is the county seat of San Bernardino County, California, United States. As of 2005 the California Department of Finance estimates the population at 199,803. Although rapid residential development is transforming the city into a bedroom community, manufacturing remains a major industry in San Bernardino and the surrounding cities. It is an anchor city of the Inland Empire. San Bernardino has gone by many nicknames in its short history. Of these, San Berdoo or Berdoo is the most common but is considered by some derogatory. Others include Gate City (to reflect its proximity to Los Angeles), City on the Move (used in the 1970s), and most recently The Heartbeat of Route 66.

Geography

San Bernardino is located at 34°7'46" North, 117°17'35" West (34.129510, -117.293150). According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 153.5 km² (59.2 mi²). 152.3 km² (58.8 mi²) of it is land and 1.1 km² (0.4 mi²) of it is water. The total area is 0.74% water.

Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there are 185,401 people, 56,330 households, and 41,120 families residing in the city. The population density is 1,217.2/km² (3,152.4/mi²). There are 63,535 housing units at an average density of 417.1/km² (1,080.3/mi²). The racial makeup of the city is 45.23% White, 10.41% African American, 1.40% Native American, 4.19% Asian, 0.37% Pacific Islander, 27.12% from other races, and 5.28% from two or more races. 53.48% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 56,330 households out of which 44.1% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 44.9% are married couples living together, 21.1% have a female householder with no husband present, and 27.0% are non-families. 21.1% of all households are made up of individuals and 7.5% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 3.19 and the average family size is 3.72. In the city the population is spread out with 35.2% under the age of 18, 11.0% from 18 to 24, 29.6% from 25 to 44, 16.0% from 45 to 64, and 8.2% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 28 years. For every 100 females there are 96.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 92.2 males. The median income for a household in the city is $31,140, and the median income for a family is $33,357. Males have a median income of $30,847 versus $25,782 for females. The per capita income for the city is $12,925. 27.6% of the population and 23.5% of families are below the poverty line. Out of the total population, 36.2% of those under the age of 18 and 11.4% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line.

History timeline

- 1810 - Father Dumetz names San Bernardino on May 20, 1810, feast day of St. Bernardino of Siena
- 1843 - Rancho San Bernardino grant to Antonio Maria Lugo
- 1848 - Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo cedes California to the United States
- 1851 - Mormon colony founded
- 1852 - Colonel Henry Washington erects survey monument in San Bernardino Mountains
- 1854 - San Bernardino incorporated
- 1857 - Brigham Young recalls Mormons to Utah. San Bernardino disincorporated
- 1880s - Railroads arrive
- 1886 - San Bernardino reincorporated
- 1926 - San Bernardino Valley College built
- 1942 - Norton Air Force Base opened
- 1965 - California State University, San Bernardino founded
- 1989 - Southern Pacific Railroad freight train derails, killing four
- 1994 - Norton Air Force Base closed

Street gangs

The City of San Bernardino is known for gang activity. Below is a list of some street gangs in the city. Chicano gangs -w/s verdugo Mount Vernon Rifa -w/s verdugo Calle Siete Locos (7th Street) (Dukes Clique) -w/s verdugo 11th Str. Diablos -w/s verdugo Sur Crazy Ones -w/s verdugo Counts (Lil Count Gangsters-LCG-, Royal Counts-RCG-, Lady Counts) -w/s verdugo Manor Boys -Muscoy X3 -w/s verdugo X3 -e/s Del Rosa Rifa -E/S Trece (they claim L.A.) -E/S Verdugo MeadowBrook Rifa (Dukes clique) -E/S Verdugo Sur -E/S Verdugo Waterman Gardens -E/S Verdugo Vallies -S/S Verdugo Flats Gang (Congress Str.-CRST-, Pear Str. Gang-PSG-, Marijuanos clique) -King Boulevard Stoners-KBS- (they claim L.A.) Black Gangs -w/s 28th Str. Delman Heights Bloods (1800 Block Ghetto Boyz) -w/s 9th Str. IE Project Crips -w/s California Str. Little Zion Bloods (1900 block Bad Boyz) -w/s 19th Str. Dorjil Estates Bloods -w/s Black Mafia Family (non-bloods/non-crips) (Carvadales clique=CVD) -w/s Magnolia Estates Bloods (1700 Block) -Pimp Playa Hustler Crips -e/s Capone Family Crips -w/s I.E. MOB (18th Str. non-bloods/non-crips) -w/s 14th Str. California Garden Crips (Lightside & Darkside) -w/s Gilbert Street Gang/Bloods (1500 Block Kill gang) -w/s DisneyLand IE Lok's (Bloods) -w/s Five Times (5X) HomeTown Crips (5th Str.)

Famous people from San Bernardino

- Brandie Burton - professional golfer
- Michael R. Clifford - astronaut
- Jon Foreman - Christian rock musician
- Gene Hackman - actor
- Edith Head - Academy Award-winning costume designer
- Jefferson Hunt - Western Pioneer
- Claude R. Kirk, Jr. - former governor of Florida
- John Laurinaitis - professional wrestler
- Alberto Madril - professional wrestler
- Ryan Nece - professional football player, Tampa Bay Buccaneers
- Derek Parra - speed skater, gold medalist at 2002 Winter Olympics
- Dave Stockton - professional golfer
- Lisa Marie Varon aka Victoria - professional wrestler
- Charles Johnson Professional Football Player

Trivia

- Site of first McDonald's restaurant
- Famed British disc jockey John Peel worked at local radio station KMEN in the mid-1960s
- Burial place of guitarist Randy Rhoads
- Site of Mick Jones' last performance with British punk band The Clash
- Mentioned in Nat King Cole's song "(Get Your Kicks On) Route 66"
- The city hosts the Inland Empire 66ers baseball club of the California League.
- Sammy Davis Jr was involved in a world famous car accident where he lost his eye in 1966. He was treated at a local hospital and soon converted to Judaism
- Will Rogers final public appearance was at the California Theatre in 1935.
- pro Basketball player Tyson Chandler was drated straigh out of San Bernardino High School
- The first line of the Dyre Straights song boom like that is I'm going down to San Bernardino
- Mentioned in Bugs Bunny cartoons often
- Mentioned on an episode of The Simpsons

External links

- [http://www.ci.san-bernardino.ca.us/ City of San Bernardino website] Category:Cities in San Bernardino County Category:Boomburbs Category:Communities on U.S. Highway 66 ko:샌버너디노

Earthquake

: An earthquake is a sudden and sometimes catastrophic movement of a part of the Earth's surface. Earthquakes result from the dynamic release of elastic strain energy that radiates seismic waves. Earthquakes typically result from the movement of faults, planar zones of deformation within the Earth's upper crust. The word earthquake is also widely used to indicate the source region itself. The Earth's lithosphere is a patch work of plates in slow but constant motion (see plate tectonics). Earthquakes occur where the stress resulting from the differential motion of these plates exceeds the strength of the crust. The highest stress (and possible weakest zones) are most often found at the boundaries of the tectonic plates and hence these locations are where the majority of earthquakes occur. Events located at plate boundaries are called interplate earthquakes; the less frequent events that occur in the interior of the lithospheric plates are called intraplate earthquakes (see New Madrid Seismic Zone). Earthquakes also occur in volcanic regions and as the result of a number of anthropogenic sources, such as reservoir induced seismicity, mining and the removal or injection of fluids into the crust. Seismic waves including some strong enough to be felt by humans can also be caused by explosions (chemical or nuclear), landslides, and collapse of old mine shafts, though these sources are not strictly earthquakes.

Characteristics

Large numbers of earthquakes occur on a daily basis on Earth, but the majority of them are detected only by seismometers and cause no damage ([http://neic.usgs.gov/neis/general/magnitude_intensity.html magnitude] 5). Most earthquakes occur in narrow regions around plate boundaries down to depths of a few tens of kilometres where the crust is rigid enough to support the elastic strain. Where the crust is thicker and colder they will occur at greater depths and the opposite in areas that are hot. At subduction zones where plates descend into the mantle earthquakes have been recorded to a depth of 600 km. Large earthquakes can cause serious destruction and massive loss of life through a variety of agents of damage, including fault rupture, vibratory ground motion (i.e., shaking), inundation (e.g., tsunami, seiche, dam failure), various kinds of permanent ground failure (e.g. liquefaction, landslide), and fire or a release of hazardous materials. In a particular earthquake, any of these agents of damage can dominate, and historically each has caused major damage and great loss of life, but for most of the earthquakes shaking is the dominant and most widespread cause of damage. There are four types of seismic waves that are all generated simultaneously and can be felt on the ground. S-waves (secondary or shear waves) and the two types of surfaces waves (Love waves and Rayleigh waves) are responsible for the shaking hazard. Rayleigh waves Rayleigh waves Most large earthquakes are accompanied by other, smaller ones, that can occur either before or after the principal quake — these are known as foreshocks or aftershocks, respectively. While almost all earthquakes have aftershocks, foreshocks are far less common occurring in only about 10% of events. The power of an earthquake is distributed over a significant area, but in the case of large earthquakes, it can spread over the entire planet. Ground motions caused by very distant earthquakes are called teleseisms. The Rayleigh waves from the Sumatra-Andaman Earthquake of 2004 caused ground motion of over 1 cm even at the seismometers that were located the greatest distance from it. Using such ground motion records from around the world it is possible to identify a point from which the earthquake's seismic waves appear to originate. That point is called its "focus" or "hypocenter" and usually proves to be the point at which the fault slip was initiated. The location on the surface directly above the hypocenter is known as the "epicenter". The total size of the fault that slips, the rupture zone, can be as large as 1000 km, for the biggest earthquakes. Just as a large loudspeaker can produce a greater volume of sound than a smaller one, large faults are capable of higher magnitude earthquakes than smaller faults are. Earthquakes, especially those that occur beneath oceans or seas (also called seaquake) and have large vertical displacements, can give rise to tsunamis, either as a direct result of the deformation of the sea bed due to the earthquake, or as a result of submarine landslips or "slides" indirectly triggered by it.

Earthquake Size

The first method of quantifying earthquakes was intensity scales. In the United States the Mercalli (or Modified Mercalli, MM) scale, is commonly used while Japan (shindo) and the EU (European Macroseismic Scale) each have their own scales. These assign a numeric value (different for each scale) to a location based on the size of the shaking experienced there. The values 6 (normally denoted ‘’VI’’) in the MM scale for example is: Everyone feels movement. People have trouble walking. Objects fall from shelves. Pictures fall off walls. Furniture moves. Plaster in walls might crack. Trees and bushes shake. Damage is slight in poorly built buildings. No structural damage. The problem with these scales is the measurement is subjective, often based on the worst damage in an area and influenced by local effects like site conditions that make it a poor measure for the relative size of different events in different places. For some tasks related to engineering and local planning it is still useful for the very same reasons and thus still collected. If you feel an earthquake in the US you can report the effects to the USGS here: [http://pasadena.wr.usgs.gov/shake/ Did you feel it?] The first attempt to qualitatively define one value to describe the size of earthquakes was the magnitude scale (the name being taking from similar formed scales used on the brightness of stars). In the 1930s, a California seismologist named Charles F. Richter devised a simple numerical scale (which he called the magnitude) to describe the relative sizes of earthquakes in Southern California. This is known as the “Richter scale”, “Richter Magnitude” or “Local Magnitude” (M_L). It is obtained by measuring the maximum amplitude of a recording on a Wood-Anderson torsion seismometer (or one calibrated to it) at a distance of 600km from the earthquake. Other more recent Magnitude measurements include: body wave magnitude (m_b), surface wave magnitude (M_s) and duration magnitude (M_D). Each of these is scaled to gives values similar to the values given by the Richter scale. However as each is also based on the measurement of one part of the seismogram they do not measure the overall power of the source and can suffer from saturation at higher magnitude values (larger events fail to produce higher magnitude values).These scales are also empirical and as such there is no physical meaning to the values. They are still useful however as they can be rapidly calculated, there are catalogues of them dating back many years and are they are familiar to the public. Seismologists now favor a measure called the seismic moment, related to the concept of moment in physics, to measure the size of a seismic source. The seismic moment is calculated from seismograms but can also by obtained from geologic estimates of the size of the fault rupture and the displacement. The values of moments for different earthquakes ranges over several order of magnitude. As a result the moment magnitude (M_W) scale was introduced by Hiroo Kanamori, which is comparable to the other magnitude scales but will not saturate at higher values. seismogram on February 28 2001.]] 2001 of the shaking of the Nisqually earthquake on February 28 2001.]]

Causes

Most earthquakes are powered by the release of the elastic strain that accumulate over time, typically, at the boundaries of the plates that make up the Earth's lithosphere via a process called Elastic-rebound theory. The Earth is made up of tectonic plates driven by the heat in the Earth's core. these plates collide against each other all the time but sometimes the gaps between them are stressed. Eventually, the plates make way and all that energy is sent out in the form of seismic waves. Deep focus earthquakes, at depths of 100's km, are possibly generated as subducted lithospheric material catastrophically undergoes a phase transition since at the pressures and temperatures present at such depth elastic strain cannot be supported. Some earthquakes are also caused by the movement of magma in volcanoes, and such quakes can be an early warning of volcanic eruptions. A rare few earthquakes have been associated with the build-up of large masses of water behind dams, such as the Kariba Dam in Zambia, Africa, and with the injection or extraction of fluids into the Earth's crust (e.g. at certain geothermal power plants and at the Rocky Mountain Arsenal). Such earthquakes occur because the strength of the Earth's crust can be modified by fluid pressure. Earthquakes have also been known to be caused by the removal of natural gas from subsurface deposits, for instance in the northern Netherlands. Finally, ground shaking can also result from the detonation of explosives. Thus scientists have been able to monitor, using the tools of seismology, nuclear weapons tests performed by governments that were not disclosing information about these tests along normal channels. Earthquakes such as these, that are caused by human activity, are referred to by the term induced seismicity. Another type of movement of the Earth is observed by terrestrial spectroscopy. These oscillations of the earth are either due to the deformation of the Earth by tide caused by the Moon or the Sun, or other phenomena.

Preparation for earthquakes

- Emergency preparedness
- Household seismic safety
- Seismic retrofit
- Earthquake prediction

Specific fault articles

- Alpine Fault
- Calaveras Fault
- Hayward Fault Zone
- North Anatolian Fault Zone
- New Madrid Fault Zone
- San Andreas Fault

Specific earthquake articles

- Shaanxi Earthquake (1556). Deadliest known earthquake in history, estimated to have killed 830,000 in China.
- Cascadia Earthquake (1700).
- Kamchatka earthquakes (1737 and 1952).
- Lisbon earthquake (1755).
- New Madrid Earthquake (1811).
- Fort Tejon Earthquake (1857).
- Charleston earthquake (1886). Largest earthquake in the Southeast and killed 100.
- San Francisco Earthquake (1906).
- Great Kantō earthquake (1923). On the Japanese island of Honshu, killing over 140,000 in Tokyo and environs.
- Kamchatka earthquakes (1952 and 1737).
- Great Chilean Earthquake (1960). Biggest earthquake ever recorded, 9.5 on Moment magnitude scale.
- Good Friday Earthquake (1964) Alaskan earthquake.
- Ancash earthquake (1970). Caused a landslide that buried the town of Yungay, Peru; killed over 40,000 people.
- Sylmar earthquake (1971). Caused great and unexpected destruction of freeway bridges and flyways in the San Fernando Valley, leading to the first major seismic retrofits of these types of structures, but not at a sufficient pace to avoid the next California freeway collapse in 1989.
- Tangshan earthquake (1976). The most destructive earthquake of modern times. The official death toll was 255,000, but many experts believe that two or three times that number died.
- Great Mexican Earthquake (1985). 8.1 on the Ritcher Scale, killed over 6,500 people (though it is believed as many as 30,000 may have died, due to missing people never reappearing.)
- Whittier Narrows earthquake (1987).
- Armenian earthquake (1988). Killed over 25,000.
- Loma Prieta earthquake (1989). Severely affecting Santa Cruz, San Francisco and Oakland in California. Revealed necessity of accelerated seismic retrofit of road and bridge structures.
- Northridge, California earthquake (1994). Damage showed seismic resistance deficiencies in modern low-rise apartment construction.
- Great Hanshin earthquake (1995). Killed over 6,400 people in and around Kobe, Japan.
- İzmit earthquake (1999) Killed over 17,000 in northwestern Turkey.
- Düzce earthquake (1999)
- Chi-Chi earthquake (1999).
- Nisqually Earthquake (2001).
- Gujarat Earthquake (2001).
- Dudley Earthquake (2002).
- Bam Earthquake (2003).
- Parkfield, California earthquake (2004). Not large (6.0), but the most anticipated and intensely instrumented earthquake ever recorded and likely to offer insights into predicting future earthquakes elsewhere on similar slip-strike fault structures.
- Chuetsu Earthquake (2004).
- Indian Ocean Earthquake (2004). One of the largest earthquakes ever recorded at 9.0. Epicenter off the coast of the Indonesian island Sumatra. Triggered a tsunami which caused nearly 300,000 deaths spanning several countries.
- Sumatran Earthquake (2005).
- Fukuoka earthquake (2005).
- Kashmir earthquake (2005). Killed over 79,000 people. Many more at risk from the Kashmiri winter.
- Lake Tanganyika earthquake (2005). See also List of earthquakes

External links

- [http://www.eqnet.org/ EQNET: Earthquake Information Network]
- [http://neic.usgs.gov/ The U.S. National Earthquake Information Center]
- [http://earthquake.usgs.gov/faq/ USGS Earthquake FAQs]
- [http://www.ssn.unam.mx/ Mexican Sismological Service] Reports earthquakes in Mexico. Updated regularly.
- [http://wapi.isu.edu/envgeo/EG5_earthqks/eg_mod5.htm Environmental Geology - GEOL 406/506 (Earthquakes)]
- [http://www.quakes.bgs.ac.uk/hazard/ems1.htm The European Macroseismic Scale]
- [http://simscience.org/crackling/Advanced/Earthquakes/GutenbergRichter.html Gutenberg-Richter] power law of earthquake frequency against magnitude
- [http://www.guardian.co.uk/flash/0,5860,1121610,00.html Interactive guide: Earthquakes] an educational presentation on why earthquakes happen by Guardian Unlimited
- [http://www.geowall.org Geowall]- an educational 3d presentation system for looking at and understanding earthquake data
- [http://www.sciencecourseware.com/VirtualEarthquake/ Virtual Earthquake] educational site explaining how epicenters are located and magnitude is determined
- [http://www.pbs.org/newshour/science/earthquake/ PBS NewsHour - Predicting Earthquakes]
- [http://www.lamit.ro/earthquake-early-warning-system.htm Earthquake Warning System] Personal Earthquake warning system. Highly advanced detector, featuring sos signals and carrying strip.
- [http://www.data.scec.org/ Southern California Earthquake Data Center]
- [http://www.emsc-csem.org/ European-Mediterranean Seismological Centre (EMSC)]
- [http://www.gfz-potsdam.de/geofon/seismon/globmon.html Global Seismic Monitor at GFZ Potsdam]
- [http://earthquake.usgs.gov/bytopic/eqmonitoring/history/part09.php USGS Earthquake Monitoring History]
- [http://tsunami.geo.ed.ac.uk/local-bin/quakes/mapscript/demo_run.pl Global Earthquake Report – chart updated with each new earthquake or aftershock]
- [http://hraun.vedur.is/ja/englishweb/index.html Earthquakes in Iceland during the last 48 hours], updated automatically once every 2 minutes.
- [http://www.data.scec.org/recenteqs/Quakes/quakes0.html Recent earthquakes in California and Nevada ]
- [http://neic.usgs.gov/neis/eqlists/10maps_world.html USGS – Largest earthquakes in the world since 1900]
- [http://www.armageddononline.org/earthquake.php The Destruction of Earthquakes - and a List of the Worst ever recorded]
- [http://www.losangelesearthquakes.com Los Angeles Earthquakes plotted on a Google map]
- [http://rev.seis.sc.edu Seismograms for recent earthquakes via REV, the Rapid Earthquake Viewer]
- [http://www.iris.edu Incorporated Research Institutions for Seismology (IRIS)], earthquake database and software
- [http://www.iris.edu/seismon/ IRIS Seismic Monitor], world map of recent earthquakes
- [http://www.iris.edu/seismo/ SeismoArchives], Seismogram Archives of Significant Earthquakes of the World Category:Seismology Category:Geological hazards ko:지진 ms:Gempa bumi ja:地震 simple:Earthquake th:แผ่นดินไหว

Cholame, California

Cholame, California is an unincorporated community in San Luis Obispo County, California, USA. It sits at an elevation of 1,157 feet (351 m) above sea level and is located at . Cholame is reached via California State Route 41, just south of the junction of Route 46. Rainfall data from a nearby ranch shows that the area around Cholame only receives about eight to nine inches of rain in a normal year. The town is best known as the place where James Dean died on September 30, 1955. (Dean actually died at a spot located a short distance away.) On September 30, 2005, the fiftieth anniversary of Dean's death, a few hundred people gathered in Cholame to pay tribute to Dean. Cholame has a restaurant and a memorial to James Dean.

External links

Category:San Luis Obispo County, California Category:Unincorporated communities in California

Category:California history

[http://www.ca.gov/state/portal/myca_leftnav_categories.jsp?BV_SessionID=@@@@0795291927.1134109442@@@@&BV_EngineID=ccciaddggmdlegecfngcfkmdffidfng.0&sLeftNavCategoryPath=%2fNavigation%2fHistory+and+Culture+of+California%2fCalifornia+History+and+Culture+Agencies&sNavTitle=California+History+and+Culture+Agencies California History and Culture Agencies] History Category:History of the United States by state

Ernesto "Che" Guevara

Ernesto Rafael Guevara de la Serna, più conosciuto come il comandante Che Guevara (Rosario, Argentina 14 maggio 1928 - La Higuera, Bolivia 9 ottobre 1967) è stato un rivoluzionario marxista argentino, una figura preminente di stratega della guerriglia, ministro di Cuba, medico statista e pensatore. Realizzò i primi studi in casa, sotto la tutela di sua madre, Celia de la Serna. Divenne un lettore appassionato delle opere di Marx, Engels e Freud che trovò nella biblioteca paterna. Studiò dal 1941 nel "Colegio Nacional Deán Funes" (Còrdoba), dove mostrò talento e predisposizione per la letteratura e gli sport. A Cordoba il suo pensiero fu influenzato dalla presenza dei rifugiati della guerra civile spagnola e dalla lunga serie di crisi politiche argentine, che culminarono nel governo di Juan Domingo Perón, a cui i Guevara de la Serna si opposero. Il soprannome Che Guevara gli viene dato a Cuba, durante la rivoluzione che porta nel 1959 Fidel Castro al potere abbattendo il regime di Fulgencio Batista: i guerriglieri al suo fianco volevano sottolineare - con l'inserimento davanti al cognome della sillaba Che (tipica dell'intercalare della parlata argentina) - le sue origini. Guevara è membro del Rivoluzionario Movimento del 26 di luglio organizzato da Castro e dopo la rivoluzione assume un ruolo nel nuovo governo secondo per importanza al solo Castro. Secondo molti storici fu Guevara che spinse Castro ad avvicinarsi al comunismo. Nella prima metà del 1959 è il responsabile del carcere di La Cabana e, secondo Pedro Corzo ([http://www.corriere.it/Primo_Piano/Spettacoli/2005/07_Luglio/15/guevara.html vedi]), alla testa di tale istituzione decide la fucilazione di circa 200 prigionieri. Ferito e catturato l'8 ottobre 1967 nella foresta boliviana di Valle Grande, nell'ultima campagna rivoluzionaria, Guevara viene ucciso a sangue freddo il giorno dopo nella scuola del villaggio di La Higuera su ordine del governo di La Paz. Proprio in questo villaggio si trova un santuario dove alcuni boliviani lo venerano come San Ernesto de La Higuera. Il suo cadavere - dopo essere stato esposto al pubblico - viene sepolto in un luogo segreto. Fidel Castro annunciò la morte del Che sei giorni dopo, il 15 ottobre. Rivoluzionario convinto, come presidente della Banca Nazionale di Cuba e ministro dell'Industria Guevara non si è mai sentito realmente a proprio agio, preferendo tornare a dedicarsi alla strategia rivoluzionaria basata sull'approfondimento delle tattiche di guerriglia. E lo fa in funzione dei moti di rivolta in atto in varie nazioni, in particolare la Repubblica Democratica del Congo e la Bolivia. E proprio in quest'ultima nazione - secondo quanto storicamente accertato - viene catturato dalle forze governative boliviane grazie all'intervento dei sistemi di intelligence e dei Berretti Verdi statunitensi e sommariamente giustiziato.

Cronologia minima
- 1928 - Nasce a Rosario
- 1951 - Inizia una serie di viaggi in motocicletta con l'amico Alberto Granado lungo il Sudamerica
- 1953 - Si laurea in medicina a Buenos Aires e si avvicina all'ideologia comunista
- 1956 - Aderisce alla rivoluzione cubana
- 1959 - Diventa cittadino cubano
- 1961 - Partecipa alla conferenza degli stati americani a Punta del Este
- 1964 - Inizia un lungo viaggio in Africa
- 1965 - Ultima apparizione in pubblico. Si dimette da ogni carica e da cittadino cubano. Viaggia in Congo e prepara atti di guerriglia in Bolivia
- 1966 - Inizia a scrivere il "Diario"
- 1967 - Viene catturato nella foresta boliviana da truppe dell'esercito e ucciso senza processo

Biografia

Il Sudamerica in motocicletta

Ernesto nasce in una famiglia di idee progressiste e si abitua fin da bambino a muoversi in un ambiente aperto a persone di ceto e di classe sociale differente. Il suo sport preferito è il rugby, cui dedica molti sforzi nonostante l'asma di cui soffre. Nel 1951 Ernesto parte insieme a Alberto Granado da Córdoba, Argentina per compiere il suo primo viaggio in motocicletta attraverso il Sudamerica. Le estreme condizioni di povertà e le forti disparità sociali del continente lo spingono ad intensificare lo studio delle ideologie marxiste. Laureatosi nel 1953 alla Scuola medica dell'Università di Buenos Aires, si reca in Guatemala, dove il leader populista Jacobo Arbenz Guzmán era stato appena eletto presidente. Qui incontra numerosi seguaci di Fidel Castro in esilio. Dopo che Arbenz Guzmán è deposto, Guevara si arruola volontario per combattere a fianco dei sostenitori dell'ex presidente, che però consigliano a lui e ai suoi amici di lasciare il paese. Guevara si rifugia prima nel consolato argentino e quindi a Città del Messico, dove rinnova l'amicizia con i seguaci di Castro e incontra lo stesso Castro quando questi arriva nella capitale messicana dopo l'amnistia e il rilascio. Guevara entra così nel Movimento 26 luglio nato per abbattere nell'isola caraibica la dittatura di Batista.

Verso la "Sierra Maestra" contro Batista

dittatura Castro, Guevara con ottanta rivoluzionari, salpano da Tuxpan, Messico, a bordo dell'incrociatore "Granma" il 25 novembre del 1956 per invadere Cuba e iniziare la rivoluzione. Il 2 dicembre, appena sbarcati a La Playa de las Coloradas, una zona paludosa vicino a Niquero (Cuba sudorientale), i guerriglieri sono attaccati dalle forze fedeli a Batista. Dopo l'attacco, rimangono solo in dodici. Guevara, medico del gruppo, getta lo zaino che contiene materiale sanitario e recupera una scatola di munizioni, diventando così combattente.[http://www.patriagrande.net/cuba/ernesto.che.guevara/pasajes.de.la.guerra.revolucionaria.htm vedi]. In pochi mesi Guevara arriva al grado più alto nell'esercito rivoluzionario, Comandante Maggiore, costituisce la sua Seconda colonna, diretta diramazione di quella guidata da Fidel Castro e sulla Sierra Maestra fonda il Territorio libero di El Hombrito. La sua marcia su Santa Clara, alla fine del 1958, si rivela l'evento risolutivo per la rivoluzione: la sua colonna blocca un treno blindato carico di soldati fedeli al dittatore e prende il controllo della città. Batista è costretto a lasciare Cuba.

Sulla guerriglia

Il libro del Che "Sulla Guerriglia" venne considerato per un certo tempo come un testo definitivo nella strategia per combattere guerre irregolari. Secondo molti, invece, la sua uccisione in Bolivia testimonia come, in materia, non esistano strategie risolutive. Più nello specifico, Guevara credeva che un piccolo gruppo (foco) di guerriglieri, attaccando violentemente il governo, avrebbe potuto stimolare fra la popolazione sentimenti rivoluzionari, grazie ai quali non sarebbe stato necessario costituire dei movimenti molto forti e portare avanti la lotta rivoluzionaria con fasi regolari prima di lanciare l'insurrezione armata finale.

Poeta e saggista. Il Guevara "sconosciuto"

Sia pure forse meno conosciuto, esiste anche un Guevara autore di poesie e saggi letterari. Questi ultimi in particolare non mancano di acutezza, e si accompagnano ad importanti osservazioni politiche, come è possibile per esempio riscontrare nell'articolato commento che scrisse sul libro di Pablo Neruda "Canto Generale".

Icona rivoluzionaria

Pablo Neruda Nei tardi anni '60 Guevara diventa un'icona per quella parte di gioventù che si riconosce nei suoi ideali rivoluzionari. Per contro gli oppositori del regime castrista hanno lamentato episodi di violazione dei diritti umani nel periodo in cui Guevara ricopriva cariche di alta responsabilità nel governo di Cuba. La storica fotografia del Che scattata il 6 marzo 1960 dal fotografo Alberto Korda ([http://www.art-for-a-change.com/Month/korda.htm vedi]) e da questi regalata all'editore e rivoluzionario italiano Giangiacomo Feltrinelli è diventata una delle immagini più famose del secolo. È stata riprodotta su una vasta quantità di disparati oggetti, da magliette, a cappellini, a poster, tanto che alcuni ne hanno lamentato lo svilimento e snaturamento a "gadget". Guevara è stato interpretato al cinema da Francisco Rabal (1968), Omar Sharif (1969), Alfredo Vasco (1999), e Gael García Bernal (2002) e (2003)

Cronologia dettagliata

- 1928-1930 - Nasce a Rosario, primo di cinque figli, da Celia de la Serna ed Ernesto Guevara Lynch. Trascorre i primi due anni di vita in Paraguay. Soffre di una forma cronica di asma e la famiglia si trasferisce sulla Sierra di Alta Gracia, vicino a Córdoba
- 1945-1950 - Si trasferisce a Buenos Aires assieme alla famiglia e lavora come impiegato municipale pur frequentando la Facoltà di Medicina. Compie il primo viaggio di 4.500 km. nel nord dell'Argentina. Questo e altri viaggi alla ricerca di sperduti lebbrosari montani saranno documentati in una serie di diari
- 1951-1952 - Viaggia, in parte in motocicletta, attraverso il Cile e il Sud America fino alla Florida. Viaggia con lui l'amico Alberto Granado (questi viaggi sono al centro del film I diari della motocicletta)
- 1953 - Si laurea e parte per un terzo viaggio attraverso il Sud America, questa volta in compagnia di un altro amico, Calica Ferrer. Inizia ad interessarsi alla politica e si avvicina al comunismo
- 1954-1956 - Conosce la giovane peruviana Hilda Gadea che sposerà nel '56. Da lei ha una figlia, Hildita. Si trasferisce a Città del Messico. Conosce Fidel Castro e viene arrestato assieme ad altri cubani. è liberato dopo circa due mesi di prigionia
- 1957-1958 - Costituisce la Seconda colonna rivoluzionaria al fianco di Castro; partecipa all'invasione della Sierra Maestra all'Avana e alla Battaglia di Santa Clara
- 1959-1960 - Diventa cittadino cubano ed entra a far parte del governo castrista come ministro dell'Industria e presidente della Banca Nazionale. Sposa Aleida March da cui avrà quattro figli (Aleidita, Camilo, Celia, Ernesto). Compie viaggi diplomatici all'estero
- 1961-1964 - Partecipa alla conferenza degli stati americani a Punta del Este. Viene posto al comando della Difesa durante la crisi della Baia dei Porci. Incontra ad Algeri Ben Bella, partecipa a Mosca ai festeggiamenti per il 47.mo anniversario della Rivoluzione d'Ottobre, interviene a New York all'assemblea dell'ONU. In questa circostanza pronuncia alla televisione americana un durissimo discorso in cui riafferma la propria posizione rivoluzionaria. Parte per un lungo viaggio in Africa
- 1965 - A marzo rientra a Cuba ed appare per l'ultima volta in pubblico. Il 1 aprile, in una lettera a Castro, annuncia le sue dimissioni da ogni carica e da cittadino cubano. Il mese successivo si reca segretamente in Congo per aiutare militarmente i rivoltosi. Vi resterà fino a novembre quando - altrettanto clandestinamente - fa rientro a Cuba. Assieme ad un gruppo di fedeli prepara un piano di guerriglia per portare alla rivoluzione in Bolivia
- 1966 - A novembre si reca sotto falso nome in Bolivia e inizia a scrivere il "Diario"
- 1967 - La sua presenza in Bolivia viene segnalata dalla stampa. In giugno il governo boliviano reprime con la forza la rivolta dei minatori. La guerriglia, nonostante qualche successo, si frantuma in due gruppi uno dei quali viene annientato; a settembre è assediato dalle forze regolari nella boscaglia di Valle Grande; l'8 ottobre in uno scontro a fuoco viene ferito alle gambe e catturato. Il giorno dopo viene ucciso

Il mausoleo

8 ottobre Il 17 ottobre del 1997 le spoglie del Che vengono traslate nel mausoleo eretto a Santa Clara. Il monumento, preesistente alla traslazione, è composto di una grande statua con sotto la scritta "Hasta la victoria siempre" e di una lapide che reca la parte iniziale del testo del famoso ordine di servizio firmato da Fidel Castro il 21 agosto 1958 con cui venivano comunicate le istruzioni operative per la colonna numero 8, comandata dal Che: "Se asigna al comandante Ernesto Guevara la misión de conducir desde la Sierra Maestra hasta la provincias de Las Villas una Columna rebelde y operar en dicho teritorio de acuerdo con el plan estratégico del Ejército rebelde"

Voci correlate

1958
- Storia di Cuba
- Rivoluzione cubana
- Comunismo
- Luís Carlos Prestes

Collegamenti esterni

- [http://www.e-cheguevara.com/cartas_it_fidel.htm Lettere]
- [http://www.marxists.org/archive/guevara/biography/last-days.htm Last Days of Che on marxists.org]
- [http://www.marxists.org/archive/guevara/1965/03/man-socialism.htm Man and Socialism in Cuba]
- [http://www.el-comandante.com/cu/ La Guerra de Guerrillas]
- [http://www.el-comandante.com/guerilla.htm Guerrilla Warfare]
- [http://www.ezeta.net/homosapiens/ Trascrizione di discorsi e testi scritti da Che Guevara]
- [http://www.corriere.it/Primo_Piano/Spettacoli/2005/07_Luglio/15/guevara.html Articolo di Alvaro Vargas Llosa su Che Guevara apparso originariamente su The New Republic e, in italiano, su Il Corriere della Sera] Guevara Guevara Guevara Guevara ja:チェ・ゲバラ ko:체 게바라 th:เช กูวารา zh-min-nan:Che Guevara

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Персоналии

- Рейнолдс, Берт — американский актер
- Рейнолдс, Джошуа (1723—1792) — английский художник
- Рейнолдс, Кевин —

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