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June 1

June 1

June 1 is the 152nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (153rd in leap years), with 213 days remaining.

Events

- 193 - Roman Emperor Marcus Didius is assassinated in his palace.
- 1283 - Treaty of Rheinfelden: Duke Rudolph II of Austria has to waive his right to the Duchies of Austria and Styria.
- 1485 - Matthias of Hungary took Vienna in his conquest of Austria (from Frederick III) and made the city his capital.
- 1495 - Friar John Cor records the first known batch of scotch whisky.
- 1533 - Henry VIII of England's new wife, Anne Boleyn, is crowned as queen.
- 1660 - Mary Dyer is hanged in Boston, Massachusetts, for defying a law banning Quakers from the colony. She is considered to be the last religious martyr in what would become the United States.
- 1779 - American Revolutionary War: Benedict Arnold is court-martialed for malfeasance in his treatment of government property.
- 1792 - Kentucky becomes the 15th state of the United States.
- 1796 - Tennessee becomes the 16th state of the United States.
- 1812 - War of 1812: U.S. President James Madison asks the Congress to declare war on the United Kingdom.
- 1813 - The United States Navy gains its motto as the mortally wounded commander of the frigate Chesapeake, Capt. James Lawrence, said, 'Don't give up the ship'.
- 1815 - Napoleon swears fidelity to the Constitution of France.
- 1831 - James Clark Ross discovers the position of the North Magnetic Pole on the Boothia Peninsula.
- 1855 - American adventurer William Walker conquers Nicaragua and reinstates slavery.
- 1862 - American Civil War: Battle of Fair Oaks ends, with both sides claiming victory.
- 1869 - Thomas Edison of Boston, Massachusetts, receives a patent for his electric voting machine.
- 1879 - Napoleon Eugene, Prince of France, is killed in the Anglo-Zulu War.
- 1890 - The United States Census Bureau begins using Herman Hollerith's tabulating machine to count census returns.
- 1898 - The Trans-Mississippi Exposition world's fair opens in Omaha, Nebraska, United States.
- 1907 - Cricket: Colin Blythe takes 17 wickets for 48 runs against Northamptonshire at Northampton in one day. It is the best analysis ever recorded either for a county cricket match or a single day's bowling, and not bettered in first-class cricket until 1956.
- 1909 - The Alaska-Yukon-Pacific Exposition world's fair opens in Seattle, Washington, United States.
- 1910 - Robert Falcon Scott's South Pole expedition leaves England.
- 1918 - World War I: Battle for Belleau Wood begins.
- 1921 - Tulsa Race Riot: A race riot in Tulsa, Oklahoma, kills at least 85 people.
- 1922 - Official founding of the Royal Ulster Constabulary.
- 1925 - Lou Gehrig of the New York Yankees plays the first game in his record streak of 2,130 consecutive games, an endurance record in major league baseball that stands till Cal Ripken, Jr. broke it in 1995.
- 1935 - First driving tests introduced in Britain.
- 1938 - Baseball: Protective helmets are worn by batters for the very first time.
- 1941 - World War II: Battle of Crete ends as Crete capitulates to Germany.
- 1943 - A civilian flight from Lisbon to London is shot down by the Germans during World War II, killing all aboard, including actor Leslie Howard.
- 1954 - The Peanuts comic strip character Linus van Pelt is shown with a security blanket for the first time. [http://www.unitedmedia.com/comics/peanuts/meet_the_gang/meet_linus.html]
- 1958 - Charles De Gaulle is brought out of retirement to lead France by decree for six months.
- 1967 - The Beatles album Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band is released; Don Dunstan becomes Premier of South Australia
- 1971 - Vietnam War: Vietnam Veterans for a Just Peace, claiming to represent the majority of U.S. veterans who served in Southeast Asia, speak against war protests.
- 1974 - Flixborough disaster: An explosion at a chemical plant in Flixborough, UK, kills 28 people.
- 1978 - The first international applications under the Patent Cooperation Treaty are filed.
- 1979 - The first black-led government of Rhodesia in 90 years takes power, ousting Ian Smith and changing the country's name to Zimbabwe.
- 1980 - The Cable News Network (CNN) begins broadcasting.
- 1990 - U.S. President George H. W. Bush and Soviet Union leader Mikhail Gorbachev sign a treaty to end chemical weapon production and start destroying each of their nation's stockpiles.
- 2000 - The multilateral Patent Law Treaty (PLT) is signed.
- 2001 - Crown Prince Dipendra Bir Bikram Shah Dev of Nepal slaughters his family during a royal dinner. Diprenda was also shot, and was proclaimed king in his hospital bed, dying three days later.
- 2003 - The People's Republic of China begins filling the reservoir behind the massive Three Gorges Dam, raising the water level near the dam over 100 metres.
- 2005 - The Dutch referendum on the European Constitution results in its rejection.

Births

- 1076 - Prince Mstislav of Kiev (d. 1132)
- 1265 - Dante Alighieri, Italian poet (d. 1321)
- 1300 - Thomas of Brotherton, 1st Earl of Norfolk, son of Edward I of England (d. 1338)
- 1480 - Tiedemann Giese, Polish Catholic bishop (d. 1550)
- 1503 - Wilhelm von Grumbach, German adventurer (d. 1567)
- 1563 - Robert Cecil, 1st Earl of Salisbury, English statesman and spymaster (d. 1612)
- 1633 - Geminiano Montanari, Italian astronomer (d. 1687)
- 1653 - Georg Muffat, French composer (d. 1704)
- 1675 - Francesco Scipione, marchese di Maffei, Italian archaeologist (d. 1755)
- 1771 - Ferdinando Paer, Italian composer (d. 1839)
- 1780 - Carl von Clausewitz, Prussian general (d. 1831)
- 1790 - Ferdinand Raimund, Austrian playwright (d. 1836)
- 1796 - Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot, French mathematician (d. 1832)
- 1801 - Brigham Young, Mormon church leader and American western settler (d. 1877)
- 1804 - Mikhail Glinka, Russian composer (d. 1857)
- 1815 - Philip Kearny, American general (d. 1862)
- 1815 - King Otto of Greece (d. 1862)
- 1831 - John Bell Hood, American Confederate general (d. 1879)
- 1843 - Dr. Henry Faulds, Scottish fingerprinting pioneer (d. 1930)
- 1878 - John Masefield, English novelist and poet (d. 1967)
- 1881 - Charles Kay Ogden, English writer and linguist (d. 1957)
- 1890 - Frank Morgan, American actor (d. 1949)
- 1898 - Molly Picon, American actress (d. 1992)
- 1899 - Edward Charles Titchmarsh, English mathematician (d. 1963)
- 1901 - John Van Druten, English screen writer (d. 1957)
- 1915 - John Randolph, American actor (d. 2004)
- 1917 - William S. Knowles, American chemist, Nobel Prize laureate
- 1921 - Nelson Riddle, American orchestra leader and arranger (d. 1985)
- 1922 - Povel Ramel , Swedish musician
- 1924 - Dr. William Sloane Coffin, Jr., American clergyman
- 1926 - Andy Griffith, American actor
- 1926 - Marilyn Monroe, American actress (d. 1962)
- 1928 - Georgi Dobrovolski, cosmonaut
- 1928 - Bob Monkhouse, English comedian and game show host (d. 2003)
- 1930 - Edward Woodward, English actor
- 1933 - Charles Wilson, American politician
- 1934 - Pat Boone (Charles Eugene Boone), American singer
- 1936 - Gerald Scarfe, British cartoonist and illustrator
- 1937 - Morgan Freeman, American actor
- 1939 - Cleavon Little, American actor (d. 1992)
- 1939 - Jackie Stewart, British race car driver
- 1940 - René Auberjonois, American actor
- 1940 - Kip Thorne, American physicist
- 1945 - Frederica von Stade, American mezzo-soprano
- 1946 - Brian Cox, Scottish actor
- 1947 - Jonathan Pryce, British actor
- 1947 - Ron Wood, English guitarist, (Jeff Beck Group, The Faces, and The Rolling Stones)
- 1956 - Lisa Hartman American actress
- 1959 - Martin Brundle, British race car driver
- 1960 - Simon Gallup, English Bass guitarist, (The Cure)
- 1961 - Paul Coffey, Canadian hockey player
- 1964 - Mark Curry, American comedian and actor
- 1965 - Nigel Short, English chess player
- 1968 - Jason Donovan, Australian actor
- 1970 - Alexi Lalas, American football player
- 1973 - Adam Garcia, Australian actor
- 1973 - Heidi Klum, German model
- 1973 - Derek Lowe, American baseball player
- 1974 - Alanis Morissette, Canadian singer
- 1977 - Danielle Harris, American voice actress
- 1980 - Oliver James, British actor
- 1981 - Carlos Zambrano, Venezuelan Major League Baseball player
- 1982 - Justine Henin-Hardenne, Belgian tennis player

Deaths

- 195 BC - Gaozu of Han of China
- 193 - Marcus Severus Didius Julianus, Roman Emperor (b.133)
- 1434 - King Wladislaus II of Poland
- 1571 - John Story, English Catholic (martyred)
- 1625 - Honoré d'Urfé, French writer (b. 1568)
- 1639 - Melchior Franck, German composer
- 1660 - Mary Dyer, English Quaker (hanged)
- 1710 - David Mitchell, British admiral (b. 1642)
- 1740 - Samuel Werenfels, Swiss theologian (b. 1657)
- 1769 - Edward Holyoke, American President of Harvard University (b. 1689)
- 1795 - Pierre-Joseph Desault, French anatomist and surgeon (b. 1744)
- 1815 - Louis Alexandre Berthier, French marshal (b. 1853)
- 1823 - Louis Nicolas Davout, French marshal (b. 1770)
- 1826 - Jean Frédéric Oberlin, Alsatian pastor and philantropist (b. 1740)
- 1841 - David Wilkie, Scottish artist (b. 1785)
- 1846 - Pope Gregory XVI (b. 1765)
- 1868 - James Buchanan, 15th President of the United States (b. 1791)
- 1873 - Joseph Howe, Canadian politican (b. 1804)
- 1876 - Hristo Botev, Bulgarian revolutionary (b. 1848)
- 1927 - J. B. Bury, Irish historian (b. 1861)
- 1941 - Hans Berger, German neuroscientist (b. 1873)
- 1943 - Leslie Howard, English actor (b. 1893)
- 1946 - Ion Antonescu, Prime Minister of Romania (b. 1882)
- 1948 - Sonny Boy Williamson I, American musician (b. 1914)
- 1954 - Martin Andersen Nexø, Danish writer (b. 1869)
- 1959 - Sax Rohmer, English author (b. 1883)
- 1960 - Lester Patrick, hockey star (b. 1883)
- 1966 - Papa Jack Laine, American musician (b. 1873)
- 1968 - Helen Keller, American humanitarian (b. 1880)
- 1969 - Ivar Ballangrud, Norwegian speed skater (b. 1904)
- 1971 - Reinhold Niebuhr, American theologist (b. 1892)
- 1979 - Werner Forssmann, German physician, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1904)
- 1980 - Rube Marquard, baseball player (b. 1886)
- 1981 - Carl Vinson, U.S. Congressman (b. 1883)
- 1994 - Frances Heflin, American actress (b. 1923)
- 1998 - Darwin Joston, American actor (b. 1937)
- 1999 - Christopher Sydney Cockerell, British engineer and inventor (b. 1910)
- 2001 - Queen Aiswarya of Nepal (shot) (b. 1949)
- 2001 - King Birendra of Nepal (assassinated) (b. 1945)
- 2001 - Hank Ketcham, American cartoonist (b. 1920)
- 2002 - Hansie Cronje, South African cricketer (b. 1969)
- 2004 - William Manchester, American writer (b. 1922)
- 2005 - George Mikan, American basketball player (b. 1924)

Holidays and observances

- Children's Day in some countries
- Commemoration of Justin Martyr (Anglican)
- Kenya Madaraka Day 1963
- Nirvana of Buddhists
- Roman Empire - Festival in honour of Carna
- Samoa - Independence Day 1962
- Tunisia - Constitution Day / Victory Day 1959
- Hannah Day (Ethiopia)

External links

- [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/june/1 BBC: On This Day] ---- May 31 - June 2 - May 1 - July 1 – listing of all days ko:6월 1일 ms:1 Jun ja:6月1日 simple:June 1 th:1 มิถุนายน

June 1

June 1 is the 152nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (153rd in leap years), with 213 days remaining.

Events

Births

Deaths

Holidays and observances

External links

152 (number)

152 (one hundred and fifty-two) is the natural number following 151 and preceding 153.


Cardinal	One hundred [and] fifty-two
Ordinal	152nd
Factorization	$2^3\cdot 19$
Roman numeral	CLII
Binary	10011000
Hexadecimal	98

This number is the sum of four consecutive primes (31 + 37 + 41 + 43). It is a Harshad number. It is a nontotient since there is no integer with 152 coprimes below it.
- In aviation, and in particular in the aviation-frequency radio exchange (pronounced as one-fifty-two), the number 152 is associated with Cessna 152. For the year, see 152 AD. Category:Integers ko:152

193

Events

- January 1 - Pertinax is proclaimed Roman Emperor.
- June 1 – Roman Emperor Didius Julianus is assassinated in his palace.
- Pertinax is killed after 87 days as Roman emperor. Septimius Severus finally gains control of the Roman Empire, after eliminating Pescennius Niger and Didius Julianus. Clodius Albinus also claims the Empire.
- Last (4th) year of Chuping era of the Chinese Han Dynasty

Births

Deaths

- March 28 – Roman Emperor Pertinax (assassinated)
- June 1 – Roman Emperor Didius Julianus (assassinated)
- Cao Song, father of Cao Cao Category:193 ko:193년

Marcus Didius

Marcus Severus Didius Julianus (133–193) was emperor of the Roman Empire from 28 March until 1 June 193. He ascended the throne after buying it from the Praetorian Guard, who had assassinated his predecessor Pertinax. This incited the Roman Civil War of 193-197. Julianus was ousted and sentenced to death by his successor, Septimius Severus. Julianus was born to Quintus Petronius Didius Julianus and Aemilia Clara, a noble family from Milan. His date of birth is given as January 30, 133 by Cassius Dio and February 2, 137 by the Historia Augusta. Didius Julianus was raised by Domitia Lucilla, the mother of Marcus Aurelius. He was consul in 175. After the murder of his predecessor, Pertinax, the throne was sold by auction by the Praetorian Guard. Didius Julianus offered every soldier 25,000 sestertii, outbidding City Prefect Titus Flavius Sulpicianus. Threatened by the military, the Senate declared him emperor. His wife, Manlia Scantilla, and his daughter, Didia Clara, both received the title Augusta. The auction proved highly unpopular, and three generals in different parts of the empire (Pescennius Niger in Syria, Clodius Albinus in Britain, and Septimius Severus in Pannonia) wasted no time in taking advantage of the situation by rising in rebellion. Septimius Severus marched on Rome, ousted Didius Julianus and had him decapitated. He dismissed the Praetorian Guard and executed the soldiers who had killed Pertinax.

External links

- [http://www.livius.org/di-dn/didius/julianus.html livius.org account]
- [http://www.wildwinds.com/coins/ric/didius_julianus/i.html coinage of Didius Julianus]
- http://www.roman-emperors.org/didjul.htm
- http://myron.sjsu.edu/romeweb/EMPCONT/e085.htm Didus Julianus, Marcus Didus Julianus, Marcus Category:Executed Roman emperors Category:Roman emperors ko:디디우스 율리아누스

1283

For broader historical context, see 1280s and 13th century.

Events

Europe

- June 1 - The young Duke Rudolph II of Austria is forced to yield his claim on the Duchies of Austria and Styria to his elder brother, Albert I of Germany, under the Treaty of Rheinfelden.
- July 8 - At the naval Battle of Malta at Valletta, an Angevin fleet sent to help put down a rebellion on Malta is defeated by the fleet of Roger of Lauria.
- October 3 - Death by drawing and quartering is first used as a form of capital punishment (for the newly created crime of high treason) by King Edward I of England in his execution of Dafydd ap Gruffydd, the last ruler of an independent Wales.
- Construction of Caernarfon castle, Conwy Castle, and Harlech Castle is begun in Wales by King Edward I of England as a system of defenses against possible future Welsh uprisings.
- King Philip III of France causes a mass migration of Jews when he outlaws their residence in the small villages and rural localities of France.
- The E codex of the Cantigas de Santa Maria, a collection of Portuguese musical manuscripts, is dated to between 1280 and 1283.
- The Libro de los juegos, an early European treatise on board games (including chess, dice, and a version of backgammon), is commissioned by King Alfonso X of Castile between 1251 and 1283.

Asia

- King Ramkhamhaeng the Great of the Sukhothai kingdom creates the Thai alphabet, according to tradition.
- Kublai Khan's Mongol Empire invades the Khmer empire of present-day Cambodia; King Jayavarman VIII decides to pay tribute rather than fight the invasion, buying peace and preserving the empire.
- Construction on the northern section of the Grand Canal of China is completed.
- The city of Guiyang is founded in China.
- Earthquake destroys two thirds of the cave city of Vardzia

Births

- April 9 - Margaret of Scotland (died 1290)

Deaths

- January 9 - Wen Tianxiang, Chinese prime minister (executed (born 1236)
- October 3 - Dafydd ap Gruffydd, Welsh Prince of Gwynedd (executed)
- Philip, Crown Prince of Constantinople, Persian poet (born 1243)
- Piotr z Bogorii i Skotnik, Polish nobleman Category:1283 ko:1283년

Rudolph II of Austria

Duke Rudolph II of Austria (born 1271, died May 10, 1290) was born as the younger son of Emperor Rudolph I of Habsburg. In 1282 he was became Duke of Austria and Styria jointly with his brother Albert I. However, in the Treaty of Rheinfelden (June 1, 1283) he had to waive his share. His brother's failure to ensure that he would be adequately compensated was the reason for strife in the Habsburg family, which led to the assassination of Albert by Rudolph's son John Parricida in 1308. Category:Rulers of Austria Category:Rulers of Styria Category:1271 births Category:1290 deaths

Styria (duchy)

The Duchy of Styria (German language: Herzogtum Steiermark) was a duchy of the Holy Roman Empire until its dissolution in 1806, and a crownland of Austria-Hungary until its dissolution in 1918. This mountainous and scenic region, which became a center for mountaineering in the 19th century, is often called the "green march", because half of the area is covered with forests and one quarter with meadows, grasslands, vineyards and orchards. Styria is also rich in minerals, soft coal and iron, which has been mined at Erzberg since the time of the Romans. The Windisch Buheln is a famous Austrian wine-producing district. Styria was for long the most densely-populated and productive mountain region of Europe. Styria, which had a population before World War I that was 68% German-speaking, 32% Slovene, bordered on (clockwise) Lower Austria, Hungary, Croatia, Carniola, Carinthia, Salzburg, and Upper Austria. After World War I in 1918 the southern, Slovene-speaking third south of the river Mur was incorporated into Slovenia in the Yugoslavia. The remaining two thirds became the Austrian federal state of Styria, while the Slovenian third (Lower Styria) is an informal province in Slovenia. The traditional capital of the duchy has always been Graz, the residence of the governor and the seat of the administration of the province.

Styria in the first millennium

The Roman history of Styria is as part of Noricum and Pannonia, with a Celtic population of the Taurisci. During the great migrations, various Germanic tribes traversed the region using the river valleys and low passes, but about 600 CE the Slavs took possession and settled. When Styria came under the hegemony of Charlemagne as a part of Karantania (Carinthia), erected as a border territory against the Avars and Slavs, there was a large influx of Bavarii and other Christianized Germanic peoples, whom the bishops of Salzburg and the patriarchs of Aquileia kept faithful to Rome. Bishop Virgilius of Salzburg (745-84), was largely instrumental in establishing a church hierarchy in the Duchy and gained for himself the name of "Apostle of Karantania". In 811 Charlemagne made the Drave river the boundary between the Dioceses of Salzburg and Aquileia.

Steiermark

In the 10th century a part of Styria was separated from Carinthia under the name of the Carinthian March; it was also named the Windic March. The margraves ruling the march (known as the Otakars) took from the name of the fortified castle of Steier the title of Margraves of Styria, and the country received its German name Steiermark. During the reign of Margrave Ottokar IV (1164-92) Styria was raised to a duchy by the Emperor Frederick Barbarossa, in 1180. With the death of Ottokar the first line of rulers of Styria became extinct; the region fell successively to the Babenberg family, rulers of Austria, as stipulated in the Georgenberg Pact; after their extinction to the control of Hungary (1254-60); to King Ottokar of Bohemia; in 1276 to the Habsburgs, who provided it with Habsburgs for Styrian dukes during the years 1379-1439 and 1564-1619. At the time of the Ottoman invasions in the 16th and 17th centuries the land suffered severely and was depopulated. The Turks made incursions into Styria nearly twenty times; churches, monasteries, cities, and villages were destroyed and plundered, while the population was either killed or carried away into slavery.

Religious history of Styria

The Protestant Reformation made its way into the country about 1530. Duke Karl (ruling 1564-90), whose wife was the Catholic Duchess Maria of Bavaria, introduced the Counter-Reformation into the country; in 1573 he invited the Jesuits into Styria and in 1586 he founded the Catholic University of Graz. In 1598 his son and successor Ferdinand suppressed all Protestant schools and expelled the teachers and preachers: Protestant doctrines were maintained only in a few isolated mountain valleys, as in the valley of the Inn and the valley of the Mur. On a narrow reading of the Peace of Augsburg, 1555, with its principle of cuius regio eius religio, only the nobility were not forced to return to the Roman Church; each could have Protestant services privately in his own house. After Ferdinand had become Holy Roman Emperor in 1619 and had defeated his Protestant opponents in the Battle of the White Mountain near Prague in 1620, he forbade all Protestant church services whatsoever (1625). In 1628 he commanded the nobility also to return to the Catholic faith. A large number of noble families, consequently, emigrated from the country; but most of them either returned, or their descendants did so, becoming Catholics and recovering their possessions. In the second half of the 17th century renewed action against the Protestants in the isolated mountain valleys resulted in the expulsion of Protestant ministers with the peasants who would not give up Protestantism; about 30,000 chose compulsory emigration to Transylvania over conversion. Only an Edict of Toleration issued by Emperor Joseph II as late as 1781 put an end to religious repression. The Protestants then received the right to found parish communities and to exercise their religion in those enclaves undisturbed. In 1848 all the provinces of the Habsburg Monarchy received complete liberty of religion and of conscience, parity of religions, and the right to the public exercise of religion. Ecclesiastically the province was historically divided into two Catholic prince-bishoprics, Seckau and Lavant. Ever since the time of their foundation both have been suffragans of the Archdiocese of Salzburg. The Prince-Bishopric of Sekau was established in 1218; since 1786 the see of the prince-bishop has been Graz. The Prince-Bishopric of Lavant was founded as a bishopric in 1228, and raised to a prince-bishopric in 1446; since 1847 Marburg an der Drau (Maribor) has been the see of the prince-bishop. Styria contains many old abbeys and monasteries: the collegiate foundation of the Reformed Augustinian Canons of Vorau (founded 1163); the Benedictine abbeys at Admont (1074); at St. Lambrecht (1066); at Seckau (founded as a house of the Augustinian Canons in 1140, suppressed in 1782, from 1883 a monastery, since 1887 abbey of the Beuronese Benedictines); the Cistercian abbey at Rein (1120); the Franciscan monastery at Graz (since 1515; founded in 1230 as a monastery of the Minorites), at Maria-Lankowitz (1467), at Maria-Nazareth (1632); the Minorite monasteries at Graz (1526), and of St. Peter and Paul at Pettau (Ptuj 1239); the Capuchin monasteries at Cilli (Celje 1611), Leibnitz (1634), Hartberg (1654), and Schwanberg (1706).

19th century Styria

The Semmering Railway, completed in 1854, was a triumph of engineering in its time, the oldest of the great European mountain railways; it was remarkable for its numerous and long tunnels and viaducts spanning mountain valleys, running from Gloggnitz in Lower Austria to Mürzzuschlag in Styria, and passing through some exceedingly beautiful scenery. The railway brought tourists to alpine lake resorts and mineral springs at Rohitsch and Gleichenberg, the brine springs of Aussee, and the thermal springs of Tuffer, Neuhaus and Tobelbad.

20th century

Following World War I, Styria was divided in the Treaty of Saint Germain. Lower Styria with the cities of Celje and Maribor became part of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, while the rest remained with Austria as the State of Styria. Other than in Carinthia, no fighting resulted from this, in spite of minority populations on both sides (the larger cities of Lower Styria were largely German-speaking). Lower Styria was reattached to the Reichsgau Styria from 1942 to 1945, when it was returned to Yugoslavia. Today, it makes up about the eastern third of Slovenia.

Margraves and Dukes of Styria

- Ottokar I of Styria (died 1064)
- Adalbero of Styria (1064-1086 or 1087)
- Ottokar II of Styria (until 1122)
- Leopold the Strong (1122-1129)
- Ottokar III of Styria (1129-1164)
- Ottokar IV of Styria (1164-1192) (Duke from 1180) After Ottokar IV, Styria fell to the Austrian Babenberg dynasty. For later rulers, see List of rulers of Austria.

Coat of Arms

The coat of arms of the duchy pictured a standing white heraldic panther breathing red flames on a fir green field, with a shield crowned with the ducal hat.

External links

- [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/14318a.htm Styria in the Catholic Encyclopedia] Category:Styria Category:Austria-Hungary Category:Habsburg Category:States of the Holy Roman Empire Category:History of Austria Category:Margraves of Styria

Matthias Corvinus

]] Matthias Corvinus (Matthias the Just ) (Hungarian: Corvin Mátyás and Hunyadi Mátyás, Romanian: Matei Corvin) (February 23 1443 (?) – April 6 1490) was one of the greatest Kings of Hungary, ruling between 1458 and 1490. He was also crowned the King of Bohemia in 1469 and ruled as the anti-king in Moravia, Silesia, and Lusatia. Matthias was born in Kolozsvár (now Cluj) in Transylvania in 1443, the second son of John Hunyadi, a successful warlord who rose through the ranks of the nobility to become regent of Hungary. The later epithet Corvinus was coined by Matthias' biographer Antonio Bonfini, who claimed that the Hunyadi family (whose coat of arms depicts a raven—corvus in Latin) descended from the ancient Roman gens of the Corvini. After the death of Matthias's father, there was a two-year struggle between Hungary's various barons and its Habsburg king (Ladislaus Posthumus, also king of Bohemia) with treachery from all sides; Matthias's older brother László Hunyadi was one party attempting to gain control. In 1457, László was captured with a trick and beheaded, while the king died (possibly of poisoning) in November that year. The lower aristocrats and the people of Pest came out in support of electing Matthias as king, while most barons, thinking the young scholar would be a weak ruler, also agreed to support his election. Thus on January 20, 1458, Matthias was elected king by the diet. At this time Matthias was a hostage of the new king of Bohemia, George of Podebrady, who released him under the condition of marrying his daughter. The opposing party initially fought some battles against Matthias, but these came to a close in 1463, when the other contender, Emperor Frederick III, officially accepted Matthias as the rightful king of Hungary. Matthias was 15 when he was crowned King of Hungary and he soon learned the finesses of power from his mentor, the Italian Antonio Bonfini, regent of Hungary until his adulthood. Matthias was educated in Italian and his fascination with the achievements of the Renaissance led to the promotion of Mediterranean cultural influences in Hungary. Buda, Esztergom, Székesfehérvár and Visegrád were amongst the towns in Hungary that benefited from the establishment of public health and education and a new legal system under Matthias' rule. He proved a most generous patron as artists from Italy (e.g., Galeotto Marzio) and Western Europe flocked to his courts. His library, the Bibliotheca Corviniana, was Europe's greatest collection of historical chronicles and philosophic and scientific works in the 15th century, and second only in size to the Vatican Library. He spoke Hungarian, Croatian, Latin, and later also German, Czech, Slovak, and other Slavic languages. Matthias gained independence of and power over the barons by dividing them, and by raising a large royal army (fekete sereg or "Black Army") of mercenaries, whose main force included the remnants of the Hussites. At this time Hungary reached its greatest territorial extent of the epoch (present-day southeastern Germany in the west, Dalmatia in the south, Bulgaria in the east, and Poland in the north). He was victorious against the Ottoman Empire, both in beating back attacks and starting smaller campaigns of retaliation: 1463-64 in Bosnia, 1475 in Southern Hungary, 1479-83 in Transylvania, Wallachia, Serbia, and Bosnia; and in 1481 he send a contingent to help in the retaking of the Italian port Otranto. Like his father, Matthias desired to build up an empire strong enough to push back the Ottoman Turks; toward that end he deemed necessary the conquering of large parts of the Holy Roman Empire. Until his death in 1490, Matthias Corvinus gained control of Moravia, Silesia, Lusatia (these in 1468/1469/1479-1490), and half of Austria (1477/1483-1491); he even ruled from Vienna after 1485. At times Matthias had Vlad III Dracula, the Prince of Wallachia, as his vassal. Although Vlad had much success against the Ottoman armies, the two Christian rulers disagreed in 1462, leading to Matthias invading Wallachia and imprisoning Vlad in Buda. Matthias's empire collapsed after his death, since he had no children except for an illegitimate son, John Corvin, whom the noblemen of the country did not accept as their king. The then king of Bohemia, the weak king Ladislaus_II_of_Bohemia_and_Hungary of the Polish/Lithuanian Jagiellon line, followed him – Ladislaus nominally ruled the areas Matthias conquered except Austria – but real power was in the hand of the nobles. In 1514, two years before Ladislaus's death, the nobility crushed with ruthless methods the peasant rebellion of György Dózsa. As central rule degenerated, the stage was set for a defeat at the hands of the Ottoman Empire. In 1521, Nándorfehérvár (Belgrade) fell, and in 1526, the Hungarian army was destroyed in the Battle at Mohács. High taxes to sustain his lavish lifestyle and the Black Army (and also that the latter went on marauding across the Kingdom after being disbanded upon Matthias's death) could imply that he wasn't very popular with his contemporaries. But the fact that he was elected king in a small anti-Habsburg popular revolution, that he kept the barons in check, persistent rumours about him sounding public opinion by mingling among commoners incognito, and of course the misfortune that befell Hungary later ensured that Matthias' reign is considered one of the most glorious chapters of Hungarian history. Songs and tales converted him into Matthias the Just (Mátyás az igazságos in Hungarian), a ruler of justice and great wisdom, the most popular hero of Hungarian folklore.

External links

- [http://www.coas.drexel.edu/humanities/faculty/thury/Matyas.html "The Squash and the Colt"], a folk tale about the wisdom and justice of Mátyás.
- [http://english.mnb.hu/Engine.aspx?page=mnben_notes&ContentID=3319 His picture on the Hungarian 1000 forint banknote]
- [http://www.corvina.oszk.hu Bibliotheca Corviniana Digitalis - National Széchényi Library, Hungary]

Names in other languages

- Hungarian: Hunyadi Mátyás, Slovak: Matej Korvín, Czech: Matyáš Korvín, Romanian: Matei Corvin, Croatian, Slovene: Matija Korvin. Polish: Maciej Korwin
- In English he is sometimes referred to as Matthias (occasionally 'Matthew') Corwin or Corvin. Matthias Corvinus of Hungary Matthias Corvinus of Hungary Category:Hungarian monarchs Category:Hunyadi ja:マーチャーシュ・コルヴィヌス

Vienna

:This article is about the city and federal state in Austria. For other places or things called Vienna, see Vienna (disambiguation). Vienna (German: Wien [viːn]; Hungarian: Bécs, Czech: Vídeň, Slovak: Viedeň, Romany Vidnya; Serbian: Beč) is the capital of Austria, and also one of Austria's nine states (Land Wien). With a population of about 1.6 million, Vienna is the largest city and the cultural and political centre of Austria. Situated on both sides of the river Danube, Vienna is 60 kilometres (37 miles) from the Austrian-Slovak border, i.e. also from the Slovak capital, Bratislava. Vienna is surrounded by the Austrian state of Lower Austria. It is one of the best-known cities in Europe and has a prominent place in the history of Western civilization, world culture and history. The United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO), the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), as well as other United Nations Offices and many international institutions and companies, are located in Vienna.

History

Main article: History of Vienna Vienna was originally the Celtic settlement "Uindobona" 'Fair Bottomland' (Modern Irish
- Fionnbhun) founded around 500 BC. In 15 BC, it became a frontier city ("Vindobona") guarding the Roman Empire against the German tribes to the north. In the Middle Ages, it became the home of the Babenberg and, later, the Habsburg dynasties and through the latter the capital of the Holy Roman Empire and later the Austro-Hungarian Empire. The Ottoman Turkish invasions of Europe in the 16th and 17th centuries were stopped twice at Vienna. See the Siege of Vienna (1529) and the Battle of Vienna (1683). In 1815, Vienna was the site of the Congress of Vienna which redrew national boundaries in Europe after the defeat of Napoleon Bonaparte at Waterloo. During the Cold War, Vienna was a hotbed of international espionage because of its location in neutral Austria, between the Western and Eastern blocs. Other famous Viennese features include the Lipizzaner stallions of the Spanish Riding School, the Vienna Boys' Choir (Wiener Sängerknaben), Wiener Schnitzel, Sachertorte, and various pastries. Viennese cafes claim to have invented the process of filtering coffee from the captured baggage after the second Turkish siege in 1683.

Historical population

The population of Vienna increased sharply during the Austro-Hungarian period (1867-1918), when there was a lot of immigration from other parts of the country. However, after World War I, many Czechs returned to their ancestral country, which resulted in a decline in the population. Following the immigration at that time, about one third of the population of Vienna had a Slavic or Hungarian family name. As can be seen, the population gradually declined up to the 1980s. 1800: 231,900 inhabitants
1830: 338,700
1850: 446,400
1880: 724,800
1900: 1,769,137
1910: 2,083,630
1923: 1,918,720
1934: 1,935,881
1939: 1,770,938
1951: 1,616,125
1961: 1,627,566
1971: 1,619,885
1981: 1,531,346
1991: 1,539,848
2001: 1,550,123
2005: 1,631,082

Districts

1980s and dozens more low-rise buildings on this site.]] 1980s Main article: Districts of Vienna The city itself is composed of 23 districts (Bezirke), which, although they all have their own names, are numbered for the sake of convenience. Legally, they are not districts in the sense of administrative bodies with explicit powers (such as the districts in the other Austrian states, but mere subdivisions of the city administration. However, there are elections on the district level, which gives the representatives of the districts some political clout (e.g. in matters of planning, traffic etc.). 1.Innere Stadt (city centre) 2.Leopoldstadt 3. Landstraße 4. Wieden 5. Margareten 6. Mariahilf 7. Neubau 8. Josefstadt 9. Alsergrund

June 1

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June 1

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152 (number)

193

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Marcus Didius

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Matthias Corvinus

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Vienna

History

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