Home About us Products Services Contact us Bookmark
:: wikimiki.org ::
Kikkawa Hiroie

Kikkawa Hiroie

Kikkawa Hiroie(吉川広家) is a third son of Kikkawa Motoharu and ruled Iwakuni han. He was born on December 7, 1561 and died on October 22, 1625. Hiroie's father is Kikkawa Motoharu and his mother is a daughter of Kumagai Nobunao who was well known for her ugliness. He initially was named Tsunenobu(経信) and made his debut on the battle field on 1570 against Amago Katsuhisa with his father. On 1583, he was sent to then the de facto ruler Hashiba Hideyoshi as a hostage. From 1586 to 1587, his father and his elder brother Kikkawa Motonaga both passed away and he became the head of Kikkawa clan. Around this time, he changed his name to Hiroie. Unlike his father and his elder brother who was known for the battlefield bravery, Hiroie preferred strategy and diplomacy to win on a battlefield and was highly praised by Hideyoshi for holding Mori clan together after the death of Kobayakawa Takakage. During Seven-Year War, he is noted for successful defeat of much larger Ming army at the battle of Ulsan castle. In the Battle of Sekigahara on 1600, after realizing that Mori Terumoto would be made the leader of pro-Toyotomi forces by Ishida Mitsunari, Hiroie made a secret pact through Kuroda Nagamasa of his intention to side with Tokugawa Ieyasu in exchange for the protection of Mori clan's domains. On the day of the actual battle, September 15, Hiroie ordered all Mori clan's forces to standstill until Tokugawa forces emerged victorious. After the battle, Ieyasu decided against the secret pact and reduced the Mori clan to Suo and Nagato but this is still a lenient punishment when one considers that almost all other daimyo who opposed Ieyasu lost their domains and that Terumoto served as the leader of the opposition. While Ieyasu recommended that Hiroie to take over Mori clan and rule, Hiroie declined stressing that he had only intended for the clan's continuation. Hiroie served as the first ruler of the Iwakuni han and laid down a set of laws with 188 clauses and worked for prosperity of his domain. Category:1561 births Category:1625 deaths Category:Daimyo ja:吉川広家

Han (Japan)

The were the fiefs of feudal clans of Japan that were created by Toyotomi Hideyoshi and existed until their abolition in 1871, three years after the Meiji Restoration. The number of han varied; typically, there were around 300 han in the Edo period. Most han were led by a daimyo with an assessment of 10,000 koku or more. The daimyo swore loyalty to the shogun. Sometimes a powerful daimyo let a man govern a domain over 10,000 koku. Those men were definitely not daimyo but their domains were sometimes called han. The richest han was the Kaga han with 1 million koku. It was situated in Kaga, Etchu and Noto Provinces. In July, 1871, all the han were disbanded in favor of the formation of prefectures.

Comparison with provinces

were settled in an earlier era (mostly the 8th century) by the imperial court. It was originally an administrative division of the central government. The Muromachi Bakufu appointed a shugo daimyo for each province and they governed the province. Most of the shugo daimyo declined in power in the late Muromachi period and sengoku daimyo replaced them. Most of the sengoku daimyo were lesser samurai than shugo daimyo but some shugo daimyo like Shimazu in Satsuma province survived till the Edo period. In the Edo period the provinces remained as geographical names. In contrast, the han was a local governmental structure and, therefore, described the area over which each local government could exercise its power. The han system was determined by the Tokugawa Shoguntate: The size of a han varied but according to the Tokugawa Bakufu definition each han had a dominion from which at least 10,000 koku were harvested each year; A daimyo was defined as the head of a han and served the Shogun directly. If a retainer of a daimyo had a fief of over 10,000 koku, he didn't serve the Shogun but that daimyo - he was therefore not a daimyo, by definition. However, the government and dominion of such samurai were still called han, as a matter of convenience. When the Tokugawa Shogunate fell, the han system remained in use for a few years into the Meiji period, but were subsequently replaced with the prefecture system which remains in use today.

Relation between Han and Bakufu

The structures of a han and the shogunate were principally similar because Tokugawa Ieyasu, the founder of the bakufu, kept the governmental structure which his ancestors had developed when they were a small local daimyo in Mikawa province. Some daimyo, especially those whose ancestors had served the ancestors of the Shogun, were lords of the han and also bureaucrats of the bakufu. Most of them governed fiefs rated from one to twelve koku. Other daimyo had no permanent office in the bakufu but were appointed a temporary office. Each daimyo served the Shogun and received the right of governance from the Shogunate. The heir of each daimyo should have been admitted in advance by the Shogunate. When a son of blood or an adopted son of a daimyo was determined as a heir of his father, the son went to the Chiyoda castle in Edo, the Shogun's castle and met the Shogun to receive the permission to succeed and his recognition. Principally if this procedure was ignored, the succession was cancelled by the Shogunate, and a han was abolished in a practice called toritsubushi (scrapping) in Japanese. Though every daimyo swore loyalty to the Shogun, their relationships were varied. Without personal reliance, the relationship of each han and the bakufu was determined and influence the relationship between the founder of the han and the shogunate or the ancestors' of the Tokugawa. Roughly there were three classifications, named Shinpan (Tokugawa's relatives), Fudai (those who had been friendly to Tokugawa since before Sekigahara) and Tozama (those who were against Tokugawa at the time of Sekigahara). There was another classification by size of domain.

Rank of Han

Han varied by size and therefore by income. Every han was classified by the shogunate mainly by size. But the classification was determined by their political significance and han and daimyo must have behave suitably to their class. Some han were attributed to the highest rank provincial lord, though their han were small. In some situations their highest classification became a financial burden. The largest han occupied domains wider than a province and their daimyo were called kokushu, provincial lord. But in Mutsu and Dewa provinces major daimyo were granted this class, though their han occupied the whole province. Maeda, Shimazu, Ikeda, Date and other major daimyo were classified as provincial lord. The lowest ranked daimyo were forbidden to build a castle. In the early years of the Edo period the Shogunate enacted the one province, one castle policy but later multiple castles were built in a province.

See also


- Abolition of the han system
- Aizu
- List of Han Category:Edo period Category:Government of feudal Japan Category:Economy of feudal Japan ja:藩

December 7

December 7 is the 341st day (342nd in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar. There are 24 days remaining.

Events


- 1732 - The Royal Opera House opens at Covent Garden, London.
- 1776 - Marquis de Lafayette attempts to enter the American military as a major general.
- 1787 - Delaware becomes the first state to ratify the United States Constitution.
- 1815 - Michel Ney, Marshal of France, is executed by firing squad, after having been convicted of treason for his support of Napoleon Bonaparte.
- 1917 - World War I: The United States declares war on Austria-Hungary.
- 1941 - World War II: Attack On Pearl Harbor - The Imperial Japanese Navy attacks the U.S. Pacific Fleet and its defending Army Air Corps and Marine air forces at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii.
- 1946 - A fire at the Winecoff Hotel in Atlanta, Georgia kills 119 people.
- 1949 - Chinese Civil War: The government of the Republic of China moves from Nanking to Taipei.
- 1962 - Prince Rainier III of Monaco revises the principality's constitution, devolving some of his power to advisory and legislative councils.
- 1965 - Pope Paul VI and Patriarch Athenagoras simultaneously lift mutual excommunications that had been in place since 1054.
- 1966 - A fire at an army barracks in Erzurum, Turkey kills 68 people.
- 1970 - The first ever general election on the basis of direct adult franchise are held in Pakistan for 313 National Assembly seats.
- 1971 - Pakistan President Yahya Khan announces formation of a Coalition Government at Centre with Nurul Amin as Prime Minister and Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto as Vice-Prime Minister.
- 1972 - Apollo 17, the last Apollo moon mission, is launched. The crew take the photograph known as "The Blue Marble" as they leave the Earth.
- 1975 - Indonesia invades East Timor.
- 1982 - In Texas, Charles Brooks, Jr. becomes the first person to be executed by lethal injection in the United States.
- 1983 - Two jetliners collide at Madrid Barajas International Airport, Madrid killing 93 people.
- 1987 - PSA Flight 1771 crashes near Paso Robles, California, killing all 43 on board, after a disgruntled passenger shoots his ex-boss on the flight, then shoots both pilots and himself.
- 1988 - Spitak Earthquake: In Armenia an earthquake measuring 6.9 on the Richter scale kills nearly 25,000, injures 15,000 and leaves 400,000 homeless.
- 1988 - Yasser Arafat recognizes the right of Israel to exist.
- 1989 - In their third and final fight, Sugar Ray Leonard retains the WBC Super-Middleweight Championship of the World , defeating Roberto Duran.
- 1993 - In South Africa, the Transitional Executive Council is established.
- 1995 - The Galileo spacecraft arrives at Jupiter, a little more than six years after it was launched by Space Shuttle Atlantis during Mission STS-34.
- 2003 - The Conservative Party of Canada is officially recognized after the merger of the Canadian Alliance and Progressive Conservative Party of Canada.
- 2004 - Hamid Karzai is inaugurated as President of Afghanistan.
- 2004 - John Kufuor is re-elected as President of Ghana.
- 2005 - Rigoberto Alpizar, a passenger on American Airlines Flight 924 who allegedly claimed to have a bomb, is shot and killed by a team of U.S. federal air marshals at Miami International Airport.

Births


- 521 - Saint Columba, Irish Christian missionary to Scotland (d. 597)
- 1545 - Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley, consort of Mary I of Scotland (d. 1567)
- 1561 - Kikkawa Hiroie, Japanese politician (d. 1625)
- 1598 - Gian Lorenzo Bernini, Italian artist (d. 1680)
- 1637 - Bernardo Pasquini, Italian composer (d. 1710)
- 1670 - John Aislabie, English director of the South Sea Company (d. 1742)
- 1761 - Marie Tussaud, French-born museum proprietress and waxwork modeller (d. 1850)
- 1764 - Claude Victor-Perrin, duc de Belluno, French marshal (d. 1841)
- 1784 - Allan Cunningham, British poet (d. 1842)
- 1801 - Johann Nestroy, Austrian dramatist and actor (d. 1862)
- 1810 - Theodor Schwann, German physiologist (d. 1882)
- 1810 - Josef Hyrtl, Austrian anatomist (d. 1894)
- 1823 - Leopold Kronecker, German mathematician (d. 1891)
- 1847 - George Grossmith, British actor and comic writer (d. 1912)
- 1860 - Sir Joseph Cook, sixth Prime Minister of Australia (d. 1947)
- 1863 - Pietro Mascagni, Italian composer (d. 1945)
- 1863 - Richard Sears, American department store founder (d. 1914)
- 1873 - Willa Cather, American novelist (d. 1947)
- 1879 - Rudolf Friml, American composer (d. 1972)
- 1887 - Ernst Toch, Austrian composer (d. 1964)
- 1888 - Joyce Cary, Irish author (d. 1957)
- 1888 - Hamilton Fish, American politician (d. 1991)
- 1903 - Danilo Blanuša, Croatian mathematician (d. 1987)
- 1904 - Konstantin Sokolsky, Russian singer
- 1905 - Gerard Kuiper, Dutch-born American astronomer (d. 1973)
- 1910 - Louis Prima, American musician (d. 1978)
- 1912 - Daniel Jones, British composer (d. 1993)
- 1915 - Eli Wallach, American actor
- 1922 - Howard Zinn, American historian and activist
- 1924 - Mário Soares, President of Portugal
- 1927 - Helen Watts, British contralto
- 1928 - Noam Chomsky, American linguist and political writer
- 1932 - Ellen Burstyn, American actress
- 1942 - Harry Chapin, American singer and songwriter (d. 1981)
- 1942 - Peter Tomarken, American game show host
- 1943 - Bernard C. Parks, former Chief of the Los Angeles Police Department.
- 1944 - Daniel Chorzempa, American organist
- 1945 - Marion Rung, Finnish singer
- 1947 - Johnny Bench, American baseball player
- 1948 - Gary Morris, American singer and actor
- 1948 - Mads Vinding, Danish bassist
- 1949 - Tom Waits, American singer, composer, and actor
- 1954 - Mark Hofmann, American forger and bomber
- 1956 - Larry Bird, American basketball player and Olympic gold medalist
- 1958 - Tim Butler, British bassist (Psychedelic Furs)
- 1966 - C. Thomas Howell, American actor
- 1967 - Tino Martinez, American baseball player
- 1971 - Vladimir Akopian, Soviet-born Armenian chess player
- 1971 - Chasey Lain, American adult film actress
- 1972 - Hermann Maier, Austrian skier, Alpine Skiing World Cup winner and Olympic gold medalist
- 1972 - Tammy Lynn Sytch, American professional wrestler
- 1973 - Terrell Owens, American football player
- 1974 - Nicole Appleton, Canadian-born singer
- 1975 - Jamie Clapham, British footballer
- 1980 - John Terry, English international footballer
- 1987 - Aaron Carter, American singer
- 1988 - Emily Browning, Australian actress
- 2003 - Princess Catharina-Amalia of the Netherlands

Deaths


- 43 BC - Cicero, Roman politician and author (b. 106 BC)
- 283 - Pope Eutychian
- 1254 - Pope Innocent IV
- 1279 - King Boleslaus V of Poland (b. 1226)
- 1295 - Gilbert de Clare, 7th Earl of Hertford, English politician (b. 1243)
- 1498 - Alexander Hegius von Heek, German humanist
- 1562 - Adrian Willaert, Flemish composer
- 1632 - Emperor Sissinios of Ethiopia (b. 1607)
- 1649 - Charles Garnier, French Jesuit missionary (b. 1606)
- 1672 - Richard Bellingham, English-born Massachusetts colonial magistrate (b. 1592)
- 1683 - John Oldham, English poet (smallpox) (b. 1653)
- 1683 - Algernon Sydney, English politician (b. 1623)
- 1723 - Jan Santini Aichel, Bohemian architect (b. 1677)
- 1725 - Florent Carton Dancourt, French dramatist and actor (b. 1661)
- 1775 - Charles Saunders, Ontario-born British admiral
- 1793 - Joseph Bara, French revolutionary (b. 1780)
- 1815 - Michel Ney, French marshall (executed) (b. 1769)
- 1817 - William Bligh, British naval officer (b. 1745)
- 1874 - Constantin von Tischendorf, German biblical scholar (b. 1815)
- 1902 - Thomas Nast, German cartoonist (b. 1840)
- 1906 - Élie Ducommun, Swiss journalist and Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1833)
- 1941 - Isaac C. Kidd, American rear admiral (b. 1884)
- 1943 - Per Imerslund, Norwegian "det ariske idol" (The aryan idol) (b. 1912)
- 1947 - Nicholas M. Butler, American president of Columbia University and Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1862)
- 1956 - Huntley Gordon, Canadian actor (b. 1887)
- 1970 - Rube Goldberg, American cartoonist (b. 1883)
- 1975 - Thornton Wilder, American playwright (b. 1897)
- 1978 - Alexander Wetmore, American ornithologist (b. 1886)
- 1985 - Robert Graves, British author (b. 1895)
- 1985 - Potter Stewart, U.S. Supreme Court Justice (b. 1915)
- 1990 - Joan Bennett, American actress (b. 1910)
- 1993 - Félix Houphouët-Boigny, President of Côte d'Ivoire (b. 1905)
- 1993 - Wolfgang Paul, German physicist and Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1913)
- 1998 - Martin Rodbell, American scientist and Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1925)
- 2003 - Carl F. H. Henry American theologian and publisher (b. 1913)
- 2003 - Azie Taylor Morton, Treasurer of the United States (b. 1936)
- 2003 - Raúl Vale, Venezuelan entertainer (b. 1944)
- 2004 - Frederick Fennell, American conductor (b. 1914)
- 2004 - Jerry Scoggins, American singer (b. 1913)
- 2005 - Devan Nair, 3rd President of Singapore (b. 1923)
- 2005 - Bud Carson, American football player/coach (b. 1931)

Holidays and observances


- R.C. Saints - Saint Ambrose: Memorial
- Also see December 7 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
- United States - Pearl Harbor Day (observance)
- International Civil Aviation Day

External links


- [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/december/7 BBC: On This Day] ---- December 6 - December 8 - November 7 - January 7 -- listing of all days ko:12월 7일 ms:7 Disember ja:12月7日 simple:December 7 th:7 ธันวาคม

October 22

October 22 is the 295th day of the year (296th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 70 days remaining.

Events


- 362 - The temple of Apollo at Daphne, outside of Antioch, is destroyed in a mysterious fire.
- 1383 - The 1383-1385 Crisis in Portugal: A period of civil war and disorder began when King Fernando died without a male heir to the Portuguese throne.
- 1575 - Foundation of Aguascalientes.
- 1746 - The College of New Jersey (later renamed Princeton University) receives its charter.
- 1797 - One thousand meters (3,200 feet) above Paris, Andre-Jacques Garnerin makes the first recorded parachute jump.
- 1836 - Sam Houston is inaugurated as the first President of the Republic of Texas.
- 1844 - The Great Disappointment: the second coming of Jesus and the end of the World failed to take place, despite the predictions of William Miller, disillusioning many adherents of Millerism.
- 1878 - The first rugby match under floodlights takes place in Salford, between Broughton and Swinton.
- 1883 - The Metropolitan Opera House in New York City opens with a performance of Gounod's Faust (opera).
- 1907 - Panic of 1907: A run on Knickerbocker Trust Company stock sets events in motion that will lead to a depression.
- 1910 - Dr. Crippen is convicted at the Old Bailey of poisoning his wife and was subsequently hanged at Pentonville Prison in London.
- 1924 - Toastmasters International is founded.
- 1934 - In East Liverpool, Ohio, notorious bank robber Pretty Boy Floyd is shot and killed by Federal Bureau of Investigation agents.
- 1943 - Kassel: RAF conducts an air raid on the city of 236,000 people, killing 10,000, rendering 150,000 homeless. Second firestorm raid in Germany
- 1953 - Laos gains independence from France.
- 1956 - A concrete girder weighing 200 tons kills 48 in Karachi, Pakistan.
- 1957 - Vietnam War: First United States casualties in Vietnam.
- 1960 - Ed Yost makes the first free flight of a modern hot-air balloon Bruning, Nebraska.
- 1962 - Cuban Missile Crisis: US President John F. Kennedy announces that American spy planes have discovered Soviet nuclear weapons in Cuba, and that he has ordered a naval "quarantine" of the island nation.
- 1964 - Jean-Paul Sartre is awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature, but turns down the honor.
- 1964 - Canada: A Multi-Party Parliamentary Committee selects the design which becomes the new official Flag of Canada.
- 1966 - The Supremes become the first all-female music group to attain a No. 1 selling album (The Supremes A' Go-Go).
- 1968 - Apollo program: Apollo 7 safely splashes down in the Atlantic Ocean after orbiting the Earth 163 times.
- 1969 - Led Zeppelin release the classic album Led Zeppelin II, featuring the hit single "Whole Lotta Love."
- 1972 - Vietnam War: In Saigon, Henry Kissinger and South Vietnamese President Nguyen Van Thieu meet to discuss a proposed cease-fire that had been worked out between Americans and North Vietnamese in Paris. Thieu rejects the proposal and accused the United States of conspiring to undermine his regime
- 1975 - Gays in the military: US Air Force Tech Sergeant Leonard Matlovich, a decorated veteran of the Vietnam War, is given a general discharge after appearing in his Air Force uniform on the cover of Time magazine with the headline (printed in all uppercase) "I Am A Homosexual."
- 1976 - Red Dye No. 4 is banned by the US Food and Drug Administration after it is discovered that it causes tumors in the bladders of dogs. The dye is still used in Canada.
- 1981 - The United States Federal Labor Relations Authority votes to decertify the Professional Air Traffic Controllers Organization for its strike the previous August.
- 1986 - U.S. President Ronald Reagan signs the Tax Reform Act of 1986 into law.
- 1987 - John Coolidge Adams's opera Nixon in China debuts at the Houston Grand Opera in Houston, Texas.
- 1989 - Jacob Wetterling is abducted in St. Joseph, Minnesota.
- 1999 - Maurice Papon, an official in the Vichy France government during World War II, is jailed for crimes against humanity.
- 2005 - Tropical Storm Alpha forms in the Atlantic Basin, making the 2005 Atlantic Hurricane Season the most active Atlantic hurricane season on record with 22 named storms.
- 2005 - Crash of Bellview Airlines Flight 210 in Nigeria kills all 117 on board.
- 2005 - The first phase of Transantiago, the new public transport system of Santiago de Chile is implemented.

Births


- 1071 - William IX, Duke of Aquitaine and poet (d. 1126)
- 1197 - Emperor Juntoku of Japan (d. 1242)
- 1511 - Erasmus Reinhold, German astronomer and mathematician (d. 1553)
- 1592 - Gustaf Horn, Swedish soldier and politician (d. 1657)
- 1688 - Nadir Shah of Persia (d. 1747)
- 1689 - King John V of Portugal (d. 1750)
- 1729 - Johann Reinhold Forster, German botanist (d. 1798)
- 1770 - Thomas Seebeck, Baltic German physicist (d. 1831)
- 1809 - Volney E. Howard, American politician (d. 1889)
- 1811 - Franz Liszt, Hungarian composer (d. 1886)
- 1844 - Sarah Bernhardt, French actress (d. 1923)
- 1844 - Louis Riel, Canadian politician (d. 1885)
- 1865 - Kristjan Raud, Estonian painter (d. 1943)
- 1870 - Alfred Douglas, English partner of Oscar Wilde (d. 1945)
- 1881 - Clinton Davisson, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1958)
- 1887 - John Reed, American journalist (d. 1920)
- 1900 - James Hall, American actor
- 1903 - George Wells Beadle, American geneticist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1989)
- 1903 - Curly Howard, American actor and comedian (d. 1952)
- 1904 - Constance Bennett, American actress (d. 1965)
- 1907 - Jimmie Foxx, baseball player (d. 1967)
- 1913 - Bao Dai, Emperor of Vietnam (d. 1997)
- 1913 - Hans-Peter Tschudi, Swiss Federal Councilor (d. 2002)
- 1917 - Joan Fontaine, British actress
- 1919 - Doris Lessing, British writer
- 1920 - Timothy Leary, American writer and professor (d. 1996)
- 1921 - Georges Brassens, French singer (d. 1981)
- 1925 - Dory Previn, American songwriter
- 1929 - Lev Yashin, Russian footballer (d. 1990)
- 1936 - Bobby Seale, American civil rights activist
- 1938 - Derek Jacobi, English actor
- 1938 - Christopher Lloyd, American actor
- 1942 - Annette Funicello, American actress
- 1943 - Jan de Bont, Dutch film director
- 1943 - Catherine Deneuve, French actress
- 1945 - Leslie West, American musician
- 1946 - Kelvin MacKenzie, British media tycoon
- 1948 - Lynette Fromme, American attempted assassin of Gerald Ford
- 1949 - Stiv Bators, American musician (The Dead Boys) (d. 1990)
- 1949 - Arsène Wenger, English football manager
- 1952 - Jeff Goldblum, American actor
- 1963 - Brian Boitano, American figure skater
- 1964 - Drazen Petrovic, Croatian basketball player (d. 1993)
- 1965 - John Wesley Harding, American musician
- 1965 - Otis Smith, American football player
- 1966 - Valeria Golino, Italian actress
- 1967 - Rita Guerra, Portuguese singer
- 1968 - Shaggy, Jamaican musician
- 1973 - Ichiro Suzuki, Japanese baseball player
- 1985 - Zachary Hanson, American musician (Hanson)
- 1990- Jonathan Lipnicki, American actor

Deaths


- 741 - Charles Martel, leader of the Franks, grandfather of Charlemagne (b. 686)
- 1383 - King Fernando I of Portugal (b. 1345)
- 1565 - Jean, Vicomte d'Aguisy Grolier de Servieres, French bibliophile (b. 1479)
- 1613 - Pomponio Nenna, Italian composer
- 1625 - Kikkawa Hiroie, Japanese politician (b. 1561)
- 1674 - Gerbrand van den Eeckhout, Dutch painter (b. 1621)
- 1708 - Hermann Witsius, Dutch theologian (b. 1636)
- 1751 - William IV, Prince of Orange (b. 1711)
- 1755 - Elisha Williams, American rector of Yale College (b. 1694)
- 1792 - Guillaume Le Gentil, French astronomer (b. 1725)
- 1847 - Sahle Selassie, Negus of Shewa
- 1859 - Louis Spohr, German violinist and composer (b. 1784)
- 1891 - Ernst von Fleischl-Marxow, Austrian physiologist (b. 1846)
- 1906 - Paul Cezanne, French painter (b. 1839)
- 1917 - Bob Fitzsimmons, English boxer (b. 1863)
- 1918 - Myrtle Gonzalez, American film and stage actress (b. 1891)
- 1928 - Andrew Fisher, fifth Prime Minister of Australia (b. 1862)
- 1934 - Pretty Boy Floyd, American gangster (b. 1904)
- 1935 - Komitas, Armenian composer (b. 1869)
- 1973 - Pablo Casals, Catalan cellist and conductor (b. 1876)
- 1978 - John Riley, English poet (murdered) (b. 1937)
- 1979 - Nadia Boulanger, French composer and composition teacher (b. 1887)
- 1986 - Albert Szent-Györgyi, Hungarian physiologist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1893)
- 1992 - Cleavon Little, American actor (b. 1939)
- 1995 - Sir Kingsley Amis, English writer (b. 1922)
- 1998 - Eric Ambler, English novelist (b. 1909)
- 2002 - Queen Geraldina of the Albanians (b. 1915)
- 2003 - Elliot Smith, American musician (b. 1969)
- 2005 - Arman, French-born artist (b. 1928)

Holidays and observances


- R.C. Saints - Saint Mary Salome; Philip, Severus, Eusebius, and Hermes of Heraclea; Donatus of Fiesole
- Also see October 22 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
- Anti Police Brutality Day

External links


- [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/22 BBC: On This Day] ---- October 21 - October 23 - November 22 - September 22 – more historical anniversaries ko:10월 22일 ms:22 Oktober ja:10月22日 simple:October 22 th:22 ตุลาคม

1625

Events


- March 27 - Prince Charles Stuart becomes King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland.
- June 13 - Marriage of Charles I of England and Henrietta Maria, Princess of France and Navarra.
- June 15 - Breda surrenders to the Spanish troops of general Ambrogio de Spinola
- The English Parliament refuses to vote Charles I the right to collect customs duties for his entire reign, restricting him to one year instead.
- William Oughtred invents the slide rule.
- James Ussher becomes Archbishop of Armagh.
- New Netherlands director Wilhem Verhulst commissions the construction of Fort Amsterdam on the southern tip of Manhattan.

Births


- June 8 - Giovanni Domenico Cassini, Italian astronomer and engineer (d. 1712)
- July 10 - Jean Herauld Gourville, French adventurer (d. 1703)
- August 13 - Rasmus Bartholin, Danish physician and scientist (d. 1698)
- August 14 - François de Harlay de Champvallon, Archbishop of Paris (d. 1695)
- August 20 - Thomas Corneille, French dramatist (d. 1709)
- September 24 - Johan de Witt, Dutch politican (d. 1672)
- October 4 - Jacqueline Pascal, French child prodigy and sister of Blaise Pascal (d. 1661)
- November 30 - Jean Domat, French jurist (d. 1696)
- December 14 - Barthélemy d'Herbelot de Molainville, French orientalist (d. 1695) See also :Category:1625 births.

Deaths


- January 7 - Ruggiero Giovannelli, Italian composer
- March 7 - Johann Bayer, German astronomer (b. 1572)
- March 25 - Giambattista Marini, Italian poet (b. 1569)
- March 27 - King James I of England and Ireland/James VI of Scotland (b. 1566)
- March 29 - Antonio de Herrera y Tordesillas, Spanish historian (b. 1549)
- April 23 - Maurice of Nassau, Prince of Orange (b. 1567)
- April 27 - Mori Terumoto, Japanese warrior (b. 1553)
- June 1 - Honoré d'Urfé, French writer (b. 1568)
- June 5 - Orlando Gibbons, English composer and organist (b. 1583)
- August - John Fletcher, English writer (b. 1579)
- September 20 - Heinrich Meibom, German historian and poet (b. 1555)
- September 26 - Thomas Dempster, Scottish historian (d. 1579)
- October 22 - Kikkawa Hiroie, Japanese politician (b. 1561)
- December 9 - Ubbo Emmius, Dutch historian and geographer (b. 1547)
- Robert Cushman, Plymouth Colony settler See also :Category:1625 deaths. Category:1625 ko:1625년 ms:1625

1570

Events


- January 23 - The assassination of regent James Stewart, Earl of Moray throws Scotland into civil war
- February 25 - Pope Pius V excommunicates Queen Elizabeth I of England with the bull Regnans in Excelsis
- May 20 - Abraham Ortelius issues the first modern atlas.
- August 8 - The Peace of Saint-Germain ends the Third War of Religion in France. Again, the Huguenots are promised religious freedom and political autonomy.
- Académie française founded
- China, the Voyage in Occident, (Novel)

Births


- January 22 - Robert Bruce Cotton, English politician (died 1631)
- April 13 - Guy Fawkes, English conspirator (died 1606)
- June 13 - Paul Peuerl, German organist (died 1625)
- October 4 - Peter Pazmany, Hungarian cardinal and statesman (d. 1637)
- November 28 - James Whitelocke, English judge (died 1632)
- Diego Aduarte, Prior of Manila (died 1637)
- Robert Ayton, Scottish poet (died 1638)
- John Cooper, English composer and lutenist (died 1626)
- John Farmer, English composer (died 1601)
- Simon Grahame, English adventurer (died 1614)
- Nakagawa Hidenari, Japanese daimyo (died 1612)
- Hans Lippershey, Dutch lensmaker (died 1619)
- Asprilio Pacelli, Italian Baroque composer (died 1623)
- Girolamo Rainaldi, Italian architect (died 1655)
- Salamone Rossi, Italian violinist and composer (died 1630)
- John Smyth, English Baptist minister (died 1612) See also :Category: 1570 births.

Deaths


- January 8 - Philibert de l'Orme, French architect (born 1510)
- January 23 - James Stewart, 1st Earl of Moray, regent of Scotland (assassinated)
- October 1 - Frans Floris, Flemish painter (born 1520)
- October 18 - Manoel da Nóbrega, Portuguese Jesuit in Brazil (b. 1517)
- October 20 - João de Barros, Portuguese historian (b. 1496)
- November 27 - Jacopo Sansovino, Italian sculptor and architect (born 1486)
- François Bonivard, Swiss patriot and historian (born 1496)
- Paris Bordone, Venetian painter (born 1495)
- Jacques Grévin, French dramatist (born 1539)
- Yi Hwang, Korean Confucian scholar (born 1501)
- Aonio Paleario, Italian humanist and reformer (born 1500)
- Francesco Primaticcio, Italian painter, architect, and sculptor (born 1504)
- Tomás de Santa María, Spanish music theorist
- Zofia Tarnowska, Polish noblewoman (born 1534)
- Ivan Mikhailovich Viskovatyi, Russian diplomat See also :Category: 1570 deaths. Category:1570 ko:1570년

Amago Katsuhisa

Amago Katsuhisa (尼子 勝久; 1553 - 1578) was a remnant of the Amago clan, a powerful feudal clan in the Chugoku region, Japan, who was backed up by Yamanaka Yukimori, a vassal of the clan. He was born to Amago Masahisa in 1553. In the next year, Katsuhisa's father and grandfather were killed by Amago Haruhisa and Katsuhisa became a Buddhist monk. After the Amago clan was overthrown by Mori Motonari in 1566, Yamanaka Yukimori supported Katsuhisa against the Mori clan in 1568. He lost to Mori Terumoto at Nunobeyama in 1570 and fled to the island of Oki. Katsuhisa was later returned from Oki and captured Tajima and Inaba provinces, defending Kozuki Castle for Toyotomi Hideyoshi against the Mori clan. He was attacked by Kobayakawa Takakage and Kikkawa Motoharu, was defeated and committed suicide. Amago, Katsuhisa Amago, Katsuhisa Amago, Katsuhisa Category:Daimyo ja:尼子勝久

Toyotomi Hideyoshi

Toyotomi Hideyoshi (豊臣秀吉, original surnames Kinoshita 木下 and Hashiba 羽柴; 1536 - September 18, 1598), was a sengoku daimyo who unified Japan. He succeeded his former liege, Oda Nobunaga and brought an end to the Sengoku period. He was also known for his invasion of Korea. He is noted for a number of cultural legacies, including the restriction that only members of the samurai class could bear arms. The period of his rule is often called the Momoyama period, after Toyotomi's castle. It lasted from 1582 to his death in 1598, or (according to some scholars) until Tokugawa Ieyasu seized power after the Battle of Sekigahara in 1600.

Rise to power

1600 leads a small group assaulting the castle on Inaba Mountain; 1885, 12th month]] Toyotomi Hideyoshi was born in what is now Nakamura-ku, Nagoya in the Owari province, the home of the Oda clan. He was born with no traceable samurai lineage and hence without a surname: his childhood given name was Hiyoshimaru (日吉丸), although variations exist. According to Maeda Toshiie and a European missionary named Luis Frois, he was polydactyl - he had two thumbs on his right hand, and he didn't cut his extra thumb as other Japanese in his period would do. As a youth, he first joined the Imagawa clan as a servant of local ruler Matsushita, under the name Kinoshita Tokichiro (木下藤吉郎). Later, he joined the Oda clan as a lowly servant. He was noticed for his resourcefulness and rose to a high position within a relatively short amount of time. Despite his peasant lineage, he quickly became one of Oda Nobunaga's most distinguished generals, eventually taking the name Hashiba (the name was made up of two characters, each taken from Oda's two other right-hand men, Niwa Nagahide and Shibata Katsuie) Hideyoshi. Some of his well-known exploits under Oda Nobunaga, many of them exaggerated and romanticized, include the legendary overnight construction of Sunomata Castle, his encounters with Takenaka Shigenaru, and later the siege of Takamatsu Castle. After the sudden deaths of Oda Nobunaga and his eldest son, Oda Nobutada at the hands of Akechi Mitsuhide in 1582, Hashiba defeated Akechi at the Battle of Yamazaki and established his de facto succession of Oda's military rule. At the Kiyosu Meeting to decide on a de jure successor, Hashiba cast aside the apparent candidate, Oda Nobutaka and his advocate, Oda clan's chief general, Shibata Katsuie, by supporting Nobutada's young son, Oda Hidenobu. Having won the support of the other two Oda elders, Niwa Nagahide and Ikeda Itsuoki, Hashiba established Hidenobu's position, as well as his own influence in the Oda clan. Tension quickly escalated between Shibata and Hashiba, and at the Battle of Shizugatake in the following year, Hashiba destroyed Shibata's forces and thus consolidated his own power, absorbing most of the Oda clan into his control. However, Nobunaga's other son, Oda Nobukatsu remained hostile to Hashiba. He allied himself with Tokugawa Ieyasu, and the two sides fought at the inconclusive Battle of Komaki-Nagakute. It ultimately resulted in a stalemate, although the Hashiba forces were delivered a heavy blow. Finally, Hashiba made peace with Nobukatsu, ending the pretext for war between the Tokugawa and Hashiba clans. Tokugawa eventually subjected himself to become a vassal to Hashiba. Battle of Komaki-Nagakute] On the other hand, Hashiba wanted the title of shogun, because it was then considered the title of the practical ruler of Japan. However, the emperor was unable to grant such a title to someone of Hideyoshi's lowly lineage. Hashiba then wanted the last Muromachi shogun, Ashikaga Yoshiaki to accept him as an adopted son, but was refused. Unable to become shogun, in 1585 he took the position of regent (kampaku), as the Fujiwara Regents had, and it was around this time that he married Lady Yodo, the mother of his future son. In 1596, Hashiba was formally given the name Toyotomi by the imperial court. Afterwards, Toyotomi subjugated the Kii Province and conquered Shikoku under the Chosokabe clan. He also took control of Etchu and conquered Kyushu. In 1587, Toyotomi banished Christian missionaries from Kyushu to exert greater control on the Kirishitan daimyo. In 1588, Toyotomi started a sword hunt and forbid ordinary peasants from owning weapons. This measure effectively stopped peasant revolts and ensured greater stability, at the expense of individual freedom. The 1590 Siege of Odawara against the Late Hojo clan in Kanto, the last resisting force to Toyotomi's authority, signified the end of the Sengoku period. A year after that, Toyotomi resigned in 1591 as kampaku to take the title of taiko (retired regent). His adopted son, Hidetsugu (actually his nephew) succeeded him as kampaku. Before gripping control of Japan, Toyotomi Hideyoshi employed a friendly diplomatic stance with the Ming Dynasty and helped the Chinese government combat the Japanese piracy (wakō) along the coasts of Yellow Sea, South China Sea and Taiwan. Now with his country secured, he began the Battle of Bunroku to annex Korea. On April 1592, his generals invaded Korea. Within a month, the Japanese controlled almost the entire country. However, the Koreans soon rebelled, aided by the Chinese Ming dynasty. Resistance led by Yi Sun-shin forced the Japanese army to retreat from Korea in December, 1592. Unsatisfied, in 1596 Toyotomi unsuccessfully attempted to invade Korea again in the Battle of Keicho. This time the Japanese encountered a well-prepared joint defence of Korea and China and eventually surrendered. The invasions of Korea created a legacy of mutual bitterness between Korea and Japan. Nearly a third of Japan's army of 150,000 died in the winter of 1592 alone, but did not leave before burning Seoul to the ground in 1593. During the second invasion, Toyotomi ordered his generals to kill all who resisted the Japanese troops - including women and children - and cut off and pickle their noses, which Toyotomi collected by the tens of thousands in a large pile known today by the misnomer "Mound of Ears", located next to his mausoleum, the Hokoku-byo Mausoleum at the Hokoku Shrine in Kyoto. In 1598, Toyotomi Hideyoshi died; thus, the Japanese army withdrew and the battles ended. Admiral Yi Sun-shin chased the retreating Japanese navy and in the final showdown of the war half of the remaining Japanese fleet was either sunk or never returned. The futile war only served to weaken the clans that were loyal to the Toyotomi name and clan. Following Toyotomi's death, the other members of the council of five regents could not keep the ambitions of Tokugawa Ieyasu in check. Toyotomi's underaged son and designated successor Hideyori lost the claim to the power his father once held, and Tokugawa Ieyasu was declared Shogun following the Battle of Sekigahara.

Cultural legacy

Battle of Sekigahara It is important to note the many ways in which Toyotomi Hideyoshi changed Japanese society. During the Sengoku period, it became common for peasants to become warriors, or even for samurai to farm due to the constant uncertainty of no centralized government and always tentative peace. Upon taking control, Toyotomi decreed that all peasants be disarmed completely. This solidified the social class system for the next 300 years. Furthermore, he ordered all of Japan to be surveyed, including a census. Once this was done and all citizens were registered, he required all Japanese to stay in their respective provinces (or 'han') without official permission to go elsewhere. These steps were taken to ensure a modicum of peace in a period of time where bandits still roamed the countryside and peace was still new. But also by surveying the countryside, Japanese land and resources could be utilized properly. In 1588, Toyotomi effectively abolished slavery by stopping sales of slaves. Contract and indentured labor replaced slavery.(<---Needs to be researched) In 1590 Toyotomi completed construction of the huge Osaka Castle, the largest and most formidable in all Japan, to guard the western approaches to Kyoto. His contributions were not all military, however. Inspired by the dazzling Kinkaku (golden pavilion) temple in northwestern Kyoto, he constructed a fabulous portable tea room, known as kigame no zashiki ("golden chamber"), covered with gold leaf and lined inside with red gossamer. Using this mobile innovation, he was able to practice the Japanese tea ceremony wherever he went, powerfully projecting his unrivaled power and status upon his arrival. Japanese tea ceremony Politically, he set up a governmental system that balanced out the most powerful Japanese warlords (or daimyo). A council was created to include the most influential lords. At the same time, a regent was designated to be in command. The combined polity functioned in some ways like a president with a parliament. At the time of his death, Toyotomi had hoped to set up a system stable enough to survive until his son grew old enough to become the next leader. A council of five regents was formed, consisting of the five most powerful daimyo. Following the death of Maeda Toshiie, however, Tokugawa Ieyasu began to secure alliances, including political marriages (which had been forbidden by Toyotomi). Things eventually came to a head and the pro-Toyotomi forces fought against Tokugawa and his allies in the battle of Sekigahara. Tokugawa won and received the title of Seii-tai Shogun two years later. Tokugawa, asserting their wisdom, left in place the majority of Toyotomi's decrees to use as a base upon which his fledgling shogunate was built. This ensured that Toyotomi's cultural legacy remained.

Popular culture

Being the subject of much fiction and speculation, Toyotomi's life is also frequently used as a source of inspiration in fictional works, films, and video games. Toyotomi's stereotypical, monkey-like appearance, for example, is used in Onimusha, and he is portrayed in the popular video game as a sneaky and cunning character. In Koei's Samurai Warriors Xtreme Legends, Hashiba Hideyoshi is a powerful monkey-like character wielding a three-segment staff. Toyotomi's life and struggles also inspired the popular video game series by Koei, Taikou Risshiden. In Visco Games' arcade shoot-em-up Vasara 2, Toyotomi (as Hashiba Hideyoshi) is an enemy boss who guards the stage just before Oda Nobunaga's. He appears and attacks the heroes in a gigantic chimpanzee-like robot with extremely long arms. As Messier Undertree, Toyotomi appears in Cantos LVI and LVIII of Ezra Pound's long poem The Cantos. Also, in James Clavell's famous novel Shogun, though Toyotomi Hideyoshi isn't a character by name, the figure of the Taiko in this historical novel bears a remarkable resemblence to him while going by a different name.

Further reading


- Eiji Yoshikawa: Taiko (historical fiction). Kodansha International (Japan), 2001, ISBN 4770026099

External links


- [http://www1.kinjo-u.ac.jp/~nakata/Nakata/VirtualSchool/hideyoshi.html Hideyoshi Toyotomi] (in Japanese)
- Category:1536 births Category:1598 deaths Category:Daimyo Category:History of Korea Category:Samurai Category:Sessho and Kampaku ko:도요토미 히데요시 ja:豊臣秀吉

1586

1586 was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar or a common year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar.

Events


- September 22 - The battle of Zutphen occurs.
- November 19 - Henry Barrow, English Puritan and Separatist is imprisoned.
- The reign of Emperor Ogimachi of Japan ends and Emperor Go-Yozei ascends to the throne of Japan.
- Toyotomi Hideyoshi becomes grand minister of Japan.
- William Harrison becomes canon of Windsor.
- Luis Barahona de Soto publishes Primera parte de la Angélica.
- William Camden publishes Britannia.
- Simon Stevin, a Dutch mathematician demonstrates that two objects of different weight fall with the same speed.
- St. Augustine, Florida, and Santo Domingo in the modern day Dominican Republic are plundered and burned by English sea captain Sir Francis Drake.
- Jacobus Gallus composes his motet O magnum mysterium.
- Caesar Baronius publishes a new edition of Roman martyrology.
- The first HMS Vanguard is launched in England.
- Thomas Cavendish, English explorer, begins his circumnavigation of the globe.

Births


- January 20 - Johann Schein, German composer (died 1630)
- April 17 - John Ford, English dramatist and poet (died 1640)
- April 30 - Saint Rose of Lima, Peruvian saint (died 1617)
- July 1 - Claudio Saracini, Italian composer (d. 1630)
- July 5 - Thomas Hooker, Connecticut colonist (d. 1647)
- July 7 - Thomas Howard, 21st Earl of Arundel, English courtier (died 1646)
- August 14 - William Hutchinson, founder of Rhode Island (died 1642)
- October 9 - Archduke Leopold V of Austria, regent of Tyrol (died 1632)
- December 6 - Niccolo Zucchi, Italian astronomer and physicist (died 1670)
- Johann Valentin Andrea, German theologian (died 1654)
- Johannes Valentinus Andreae, German theologian and Rosicrucian (died 1654)
- Pau Claris i Casademunt, Catalan ecclesiastic (died 1641)
- Giles Fletcher, English poet (died 1623)
- Thomas Hooker, founder of Connecticut (died 1647)
- Gerard de Malynes, English merchant (died 1641)
- John Mason, English explorer (died 1635)
- Jacob Praetorius, German composer and organist (died 1651)
- David HaLevi Segal, Polish rabbi (died 1667)
- Thomas Howard, 2nd Earl of Arundel and Surrey (died 1646) See also :Category:1586 births.

Deaths


- January 25 - Lucas Cranach the Younger, German painter (born 1515)
- March 20 - Richard Maitland, Scottish statesman and historian (born 1496)
- April 8 - Martin Chemnitz, Lutheran reformer (born 1522)
- May 5 - Henry Sidney, Lord Deputy of Ireland (born 1529)
- June 28 - Primoz Trubar, Slovenian protestant reformer (born 1508)
- September 20 - Chidiock Tichborne, English conspirator and poet (executed) (born 1558)
- September 20 - Sir Anthony Babington, English Catholic conspirator (executed) (born 1561)
- September 21 - Antoine Perrenot de Granvelle, French church leader (born 1517)
- October 17 - Sir Philip Sidney, English poet, courtier, and soldier (killed in battle) (born 1554)
- Philips van der Aa, Dutch statesman
- Stephen Bathory, King of Poland (born 1533)
- Margaret Clitherow, English Catholic saint and martyr (born 1556)
- Edward Sutton, 4th Baron Dudley, son of John Sutton, 3rd Lord Dudley and Lady Cicely Grey (born 1525)
- Andrea Gabrieli, Italian composer (born 1510)
- Luis de Morales, Spanish religious painter (born 1510)
- Ottavio Farnese, Duke of Parma (born 1521) See also :Category:1586 deaths. Category:1586 ko:1586년

1587

1587 was a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar or a common year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar.

Events


- February 8 - Mary, Queen of Scots is beheaded at Fotheringhay Castle in England after she is implicated in a plot to murder her cousin, Queen Elizabeth I.
- July 22 - Colony of Roanoke: A group of English settlers arrive on Roanoke Island off of North Carolina to re-establish the deserted colony.
- August 19 - Polish and Lithuanian nobles elect Sigismund Vasa as their king
- October 20 - Battle of Coutras - Huguenot forces under Henry of Navarre defeat Royalist forces under Anne, Duc de Joyeuse, favorite of King Henry. Joyeuse is killed.
- October 31 - Leiden University Library opens its doors after its founding in 1575.
- First Filipinos in North America landed in Morro Bay near San Luis Obispo, California
- The Rose (theatre) is founded in London by Philip Henslowe.

Births


- January 5 - Xu Xiake, Chinese adventurer (died 1641)
- January 6 - Gaspar de Guzmán y Pimentel, Count-Duke of Olivares, Spanish statesman (died 1645)
- February 26 - Stefano Landi, Italian composer (died 1639)
- May 8 - Victor Amadeus I, Duke of Savoy (died 1637)
- August 18 - Virginia Dare, Virginia colony settler (died 1588)
- September 18 - Francesca Caccini, Italian composer
- November 3 - Samuel Scheidt, German composer (died 1653)
- Kaspar von Barth, German philologist (died 1658)
- Willem Ysbrandtsz Bontekoe, Dutch sea captain (died 1657)
- Nathaniel Field, English dramatist and actor (died 1620)
- Arthur Johnston, Scottish physician and poet (died 1641)
- Francis Kynaston, English courtier and poet (died 1642)
- Krzysztof Ossolinski, Polish nobleman (died 1645)
- Gabriel Oxenstierna, Swedish statesman (died 1640)
- Yun Seondo, Korean politician and poet (died 1671)
- Joost van den Vondel, Dutch dramatist and poet (died 1679)
- Robert Rich, 2nd Earl of Warwick, English colonial administrator and admiral (died 1658)
- George Yeardley, English colonial administrator in America (died 1627) See also :Category:1587 births.

Deaths


- February 8 - Mary, Queen of Scots (executed) (born 1542)
- March 30 - Ralph Sadler, English statesman (born 1507)
- April 8 - John Foxe, English author (born 1516)
- April 14 - Edward Manners, 3rd Earl of Rutland (born 1548)
- April 16 - Anne Stanhope, Duchess of Somerset (born 1497)
- October 19 - Francesco I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany (born 1541)
- Abe Motozane, Japanese warlord (born 1513)
- Vincenzo Bellavere, Italian composer
- Dudley Fenner, English puritan divine
- Nguyen Binh Khiem, Vietnamese poet and saint (born 1492)
- Luís de Camões, Portuguese poet (born 1524)
- Kaspar Olevianus, German theologian (born 1536)
- Vincenzo Ruffo, Italian composer (born 1510)
- Thomas Seckford, English official (born 1515)
- Jan Tarlo, Polish nobleman
- George Whetstone, English writer (born 1544) See also :Category:1587 deaths. Category:1587 ko:1587년

Seven-Year War

:For the 1756–1763 war, see Seven Years' War. For the 1563–1570 war, see Nordic Seven Years' War. The Seven-Year War was the conflict from 1592 to 1598 on the Korean peninsula, following two successive Japanese invasions of Korea. Japanese troops invaded Korea in 1592 with the professed aim of conquering China. And Japan reinvaded in 1597 during a truce. In both campaigns, Japanese invasions were defeated by the allied forces of Korea and China. It is also known in Korean as Imjin Waeran (임진 왜란) and Jeongyu Jaeran (정유재란), literally "Japanese Turmoil of the Year Imjin" and "Re-turmoil of the Year Jeongyu", and in Japanese as "Battles of Bunroku and Keicho" (文禄・慶長の役).

The first invasion

Toyotomi Hideyoshi, who established his hegemony in Japan in the latter part of the 16th century, had wanted to conquer Ming China. Motivated in part also by a need to satisfy the perpetual land hunger of his vassals and find employment for restive samurai, he began making plans for the conquest of China. He first made his intentions to conquer China known to Mori Terumoto in 1586, then set about trying to realize it after he defeated the clans of Shimazu and Hojo. First he intended to secure the Korean peninsula as an invasion route for his forces. Tokugawa Ieyasu and a few people opposed his intention to invade Korea and China. Konishi Yukinaga and Sō Yoshitomo tried to arbitrate between Hideyoshi and Korea. After King Seonjo refused Hideyoshi's offer of an alliance against China and military access for the Japanese troops, Hideyoshi launched a war against Korea in 1592 to secure passage to China.

Japanese Blitzkrieg in Korea

The Japanese invasion of 1592 with 160,000 troops had great initial success mainly due to the element of surpr