:: wikimiki.org ::

Pierre Paul Caffarel

Pierre Paul Caffarel

Pierre Paul Caffarel (1801 Turin - 1871 Turin), Italian entrepreneur who created the chocolate company of Caffarel. In 1826 Caffarel purchased a revolutionary industrial machine, invented by Bozelli of Genoa, which was able to produce more than 300 kilos a day (a record then). Thanks to this machine he created at the same time the first company to sell big quantities of solid chocolate (the one we are eating today and which was invented in Turin at the end of the 18th century). The second big commercial success was the story of Gianduja. It began in 1852, when Caffarel introduced a new type of chocolate obtained by carefully mixing cocoa, sugar and the famous "Tonda Gentile delle Langhe" hazelnuts that were renowned for their particularly fine, tasty character. From 1865 he started producing this speciality that was really unique, even in its shape, and that is now famous all around the world.

External link

- [http://www.caffarel.com/uk/uk/storia/storia5.html Caffarel]

1801

.]] 1801 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar).

Events

- January 1 - Legislative union of Great Britain and Ireland completed under the Act of Union 1800, bringing about the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.
- January 1 - Giuseppe Piazzi discovers the first (and largest) asteroid Ceres.
- January 20 - John Marshall is appointed Chief Justice of the United States.
- February 3 - William Pitt the Younger resigns as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.
- February 9 - The Treaty of Lunéville ends the war (Second Coalition) between France and Austria.
- February 17 - An electoral tie between Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr is resolved when Jefferson is elected President of the United States and Burr Vice President by the United States House of Representatives.
- February 27 - Washington, DC is placed under the jurisdiction of the U.S. Congress.
- March 4 - Thomas Jefferson succeeds John Adams as the President of the United States of America.
- March 21 - Second Battle of Abukir: a British army under Ralph Abercromby defeats the French troops.
- March 23 - The Russian Tsar Paul I is murdered. He is succeeded by his son Alexander I of Russia.
- April 2 - First Battle of Copenhagen - The British fleet under Admiral Hyde Parker, along with Admiral Horatio Nelson, attack Copenhagen. Armed Neutrality of the North dissolved.
- May - The pascha of Tripoli declares war on United States by having the flagpole on the consulate chopped down.
- June 27 - Cairo falls to British troops.
- July 6 - Battle of Algeciras: The French fleet beats the British fleet.
- July 18 - Napoleon signs the Concordat of 1801 with the pope.
- November 16 - First edition of New York Evening Post
- Aachen is officially annexed by France.
- A census in London revealed it to have 860,035 residents
- First census in France
- Joseph-Marie Jacquard developed a loom where the pattern being woven was controlled by punch cards.
- The ultraviolet radiation is discovered by Johann Wilhelm Ritter

Ongoing events

- French Revolutionary Wars (1792-1802)-Second Coalition/Egyptian Campaign
- Napoleonic Wars (1799-1815)-Second Coalition/Egyptian Campaign

Births

- January 3 - Gijsbert Haan, Dutch-American religious leader (d. 1874)
- February 1 - Thomas Cole, American artist (d. 1848)
- February 21 - John Henry Newman, English Roman Catholic Cardinal (d. 1890)
- May 11 - Henri Labrouste, French architect (d. 1875)
- June 1 - Brigham Young, American religious leader and colonizer (d. 1877)
- June 4 - James Pennethorne, English architect (d. 1871)
- June 14 - Heber C. Kimball, American religious leader (d. 1868)
- June 30 - Frederic Bastiat, French philosopher (d. 1850)
- July 5 - David Farragut, American naval commander (d.1870)
- July 29 - George Bradshaw, English publisher (d. 1853)
- October 12 - Friedrich Frey-Herosé, member of the Swiss Federal Council (d. 1873)
- November 3 - Karl Baedeker, German author and publisher (d. 1859)
- November 3 - Vincenzo Bellini, Italian composer (d. 1835)
- November 10 - Vladimir Dal, Russian lexicographer (d. 1872)
- December 11 - Christian Dietrich Grabbe, German writer (d. 1836)

Deaths

- February 7 - Daniel Chodowiecki, Polish painter (b. 1726)
- March 21 - Andrea Luchesi, Italian composer (b. 1741)
- March 23 - Tsar Paul of Russia (b. 1754)
- March 25 - Novalis, German poet (b. 1772)
- March 28 - Ralph Abercromby, British general (b. 1734)
- April 2 - Thomas Dadford Junior, British engineer
- April 7 - Noël François de Wailly, French lexicographer (b. 1724)
- May 17 - William Heberden, English physician (b. 1710)
- June 4 - Frederick Muhlenberg, first Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives (b. 1750)
- September 19 - Johann Gottfried Koehler, German astronomer (b. 1745)
- October 3 - Philippe Henri, marquis de Ségur, Marshal of France (b. 1724)
- November 4 - William Shippen, American physician and Continental Congressman (b. 1712)
- November 24 - Franz Moritz Graf von Lacy, Austrian field marshal (b. 1725) Category:1801 ko:1801년 ms:1801 simple:1801

1871

1871 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar).

Events

January - April

- January 2 - Amadeus I becomes King of Spain.
- January 10 - France surrenders to end the Franco-Prussian War
- January 18 - The member-states of the North German Confederation unite into a single nation-state known as the German Empire. The King of Prussia is declared the first German Emperor as Wilhelm I of Germany.
- January 21 - Giuseppe Garibaldi's troops win in Dijon
- March 21 - Marriage of Princess Louise to John Campbell, Marquess of Lorne, whose father, the 8th Duke of Argyll, is the serving Secretary of State for India.
- March 22 - In North Carolina, William Holden becomes the first governor of a U.S. state to be removed from office by impeachment.
- March 26 - The Paris Commune is formally established in Paris.
- March 29 - The Royal Albert Hall is opened by Queen Victoria.
- April - Stockholms Handelsbank is founded.
- April 20 - President Ulysses Grant signs the Ku Klux Klan Act.

May - August

- May 11 - First trial of the case of Tichborne Claimant begins in the London Court of Common Pleas.
- May 21-30 - French Third Republic.government troops invade Paris Commune and crush the rebellion.
- July 20 - British Columbia joins the confederation of Canada.
- July 20 - C. W. Alcock proposes that 'a Challenge Cup should be established in connection with the Association', giving birth to the FA Cup.
- August 31 - Adolphe Thiers becomes President of the French Republic.

September - December

- October 8 - Three major fires break out on the shores of Lake Michigan in Chicago, Illinois, Peshtigo, Wisconsin, and Holland, Michigan
- The Great Chicago Fire is the most famous of these, burning 1,200,000 acres (4,900 km²) in one day, eventually destroying about 17,450 buildings, and killing about 250 people while leaving another 90,000 homeless.
- The Peshtigo Fire burns 1,200,000 acres (4,900 km²) across six counties in one day and kills 1,200 to 2,500 people, making it the deadliest in United States history.
- The Holland Fire destroys at least two towns.
- October 20 - The Royal Regiment of Artillery formed the first regular Canadian army units when they created two batteries of garrison artillery which eventually became The Royal Canadian Artillery.
- October 27 - The Comte de Chambord refuses to be crowned 'King Henry V of France' until France abandons its tricolour and returns to the old bourbon flag.
- October 27 - New York mayor Boss Tweed arrested
- October 27 - British occupy the Klipdrift in South Africa, ending the Klipdrift Republic
- November 10 - Henry Morton Stanley locates missing explorer and missionary, Dr. David Livingstone in Ujiji, near Lake Tanganyika, and greets him saying "Dr. Livingstone, I presume?"
- November 17 - The National Rifle Association is granted a charter by the state of New York.
- December 10 - The German chancellor Otto von Bismarck tries to ban Catholics from the political stage by introducing harsh laws concerning the separation of church and state.

Unknown date

- University Tests Act removes religious tests at Oxford and Cambridge.
- Trade Union Act - British trade unions legalized.
- Heinrich Schliemann begins the excavation of Troy.
- Japan forms its own police force based on French model.
- George Biddell Airy discovers astronomical aberration is independent of the local medium.
- Abolition of the han system in Japan.
- William Marcy Tweed serves his last year as the "Boss" of Tammany Hall.
- Neath RFC founded
- Cary, North Carolina named in honor of Samuel Fenton Cary

Births

- January 7 - Félix Édouard Justin Émile Borel, French mathematician and politician (d. 1956)
- January 30 - Wilfred Lucas, Canadian-born actor (d. 1940)
- February 4 - Friedrich Ebert, President of Germany (d. 1925)
- February 18 - Harry Brearley, English inventor (d. 1948)
- March 1 - Ben Harney, American composer and pianist (d. 1938)
- March 5 - Rosa Luxemburg, German politician (d. 1919)
- March 19 - Schofield Haigh, English cricketer (d. 1921)
- March 27 - Heinrich Mann, German writer (d. 1950)
- March 31 - Arthur Griffith, President of Ireland (d. 1922)
- May 3 - Walter Robinson Parr, English-born pastor (d. 1922)
- May 6 - Victor Grignard, French chemist, Nobel Prize in Chemistry laureate (d. 1935)
- May 6 - Christian Morgenstern, German author (d. 1914)
- May 27 - Georges Rouault, French painter and graphic artist (d. 1958)
- July 10 - Marcel Proust, French writer (d. 1922)
- July 17 - Lyonel Feininger, German painter (d. 1956)
- July 25 - Richard Ernest Turner, Canadian soldier (d. 1961)
- August 14 - Guangxu Emperor of China (d. 1908)
- August 19 - Orville Wright, American aviation pioneer (d. 1948)
- August 25 - Ross Winn, American anarchist writer and publisher (d. 1912)
- August 27 - Theodore Dreiser, American writer (d. 1945)
- August 29 - Albert Lebrun, French politician (d. 1950)
- August 30 - Ernest Rutherford, 1st Baron Rutherford of Nelson, New Zealand physicist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry (d. 1937)
- September 24 - Lottie Dod, English athlete (d. 1960)
- September 26 - Winsor McCay, American cartoonist and animator (d. 1934)
- September 27 - Grazia Deledda, Italian writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1936)
- October 2 - Cordell Hull, United States Secretary of State, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1955)
- October 30 - Paul Valéry, French poet (d. 1945)
- November 1 - Stephen Crane, American writer (d. 1900)
- December 9 - Joe Kelley, Baseball Hall of Famer (d. 1943)
- December 13 - Emily Carr, Canadian artist (d. 1945)

Deaths

- January 15 - Edward C. Delevan, American temperance movement leader (b. 1793)
- February 11 - Gaspard Théodore Ignace de la Fontaine, Luxembourg politician
- February 20 - Paul Kane, Irish-born painter (b. 1810)
- May 11 - John Herschel, English astronomer (b. 1792)
- September 20 - John Coleridge Patteson, Anglican bishop and missionary (martyred) (b. 1827)
- September 23 - Louis-Joseph Papineau, Canadian politician (b. 1786)
- October 18 - Charles Babbage, English mathematician and inventor (b. 1791)
- December 28 - John Henry Pratt, English clergyman and mathematician (b. 1809)
- March 18 - Augustus De Morgan, Professor of mathematics and mathematician (b. 1806) Category:1871 ko:1871년 simple:1871

1826

See also 1826 in the United States. 1826 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar).

Events

- February 8 - Argentina. Unitarian Bernardino Rivadavia becomes the first President of the country.
- February 11 - University College London is founded, under the name University of London.
- February 13 - American Temperance Society founded.
- April 1 - Samuel Morey patents the internal combustion engine.
- June 14-15 – The Auspicious Incident: Mahmud II, sultan of Ottoman Empire, crushes the last mutiny of janissaries in Istanbul
- June 22 - the Pan-American Congress of Panama tries to unify American republics (it fails)
- July 26 - Last auto de fe.
- Nicéphore Niépce creates the first permanent photograph
- First railway tunnel built in route between Liverpool and Manchester in England
- Cholera epidemic begins in India
- The British crown colony of the Straits Settlements is established.

Births

- January 12 - William Chapman Rawlston, banker and financier
- January 26 - Louis Favre, Swiss engineer (d. 1879)
- February 16 - Joseph Victor von Scheffel, German poet (d. 1886)
- February 16 - Julia Grant, First Lady of the United States (d. 1902)
- March 4 - Theodore Judah, railroad engineer (d. 1863)
- March 24 - Matilda Joslyn Gage, pioneering feminist (d. 1898)
- March 29 - Wilhelm Liebknecht, German journalist and politician (d. 1900)
- April 6 - Gustave Moreau, French painter (d. 1898)
- April 26 - George Hull Ward, American general (d. 1863)
- May 3 - King Charles XV of Sweden and Norway (d. 1872)
- May 4 - Frederic Edwin Church, American painter (b. 1900)
- June 24 - George Goyder, surveyor-general of South Australia (d. 1898)
- July 4 - Stephen Foster, American songwriter and poet (d. 1864)
- July 4 - Green Clay Smith, American temperance movement leader (d. 1895]])
- September 17 - Bernhard Riemann, German mathematician (d. 1866)
- November 13 - Charles Frederick Worth, English couturier (d. 1895)
- November 24 - Carlo Collodi, Italian writer (d. 1890)

Exact month/day of birth unknown

William Daniel, American temperance movement leader (d. 1897)

Deaths

- January 3 - Louis Gabriel Suchet, French marshal (b. 1770)
- January 17 - Juan Crisóstomo Arriaga, Spanish composer (b. 1806)
- March 29 - Johann Heinrich Voß, German poet (b. 1751)
- June 5 - Carl Maria von Weber, German composer (b. 1786)
- July 4 - Thomas Jefferson, 3rd President of the United States (b. 1743)
- July 4 - John Adams, 2nd President of the United States (b. 1735)
- July 8 - Luther Martin, delegate to the American Constitutional Convention (b. 1746)
- November 23 - Johann Elert Bode, German astronomer (b. 1747) Category:1826 ko:1826년 ms:1826 simple:1826

Turin

Turin

Location within Italy
Region	Piedmont
Province	Turin
Area – Total – Water	130 km² (50 mi²) ##.# km² (#.# mi²) #.##%
Population – Total (2002) – Density	857,433 6,596/km²
Time zone	CET: UTC+1
Coordinates	¹
External link: [http://www.comune.torino.it/ Città di Torino]

Turin (Italian Torino) is a major industrial city in north-western Italy, capital of the Piedmont region, located mainly on the west bank of the Po River. The population of Turin city is 867,857 (2004 census), but its metropolitan area totals about 1.5 million inhabitants. The province is one of the largest in Italy, with 6,830 sq. km, and one of the most populated, with 2,191,960 inhabitants at the 2004 census. Turin is the host city of the 2006 Winter Olympics.

History

2006 Winter Olympics The name of Turin comes from Tau, a Celtic word that means mountains. The Italian name, Torino, happens to mean "little bull" in Italian, hence the coat of arms and the symbol of the city. The area was settled by the Taurini in pre-Roman times. In the first century A.D., the Romans created a military camp (Castra Taurinorum), later dedicated to Augustus (Augusta Taurinorum). The typical Roman street plan with streets at right angles can still be seen in the modern city. The capital of the Duchy of Savoy since 16th century, the Kingdom of Sardinia and then in 1861 Turin became the capital of the newly proclaimed United Italy. In 1865 the capital was moved to Florence. Since 1870 the capital has been Rome.

Law and government

Mr. Chiamparino is currently the mayor of Turin, which is elected directly by citizens every 5 years. He belongs to the center-left coalition. See also: List of mayors of Turin

Geography

Turin is located in the north-west of Italy. It's surrounded on the western and northern front by the Alps and on the southern front by the hills of Monferrato . Three major rivers pass through the city: the Po and two of its tributaries, the Dora Riparia (from the Celtic duria meaning "water," later changed to "Duria Minor" by the Romans), and the Stura di Lanzo and Sangone.

Demographics

The city of Torino grew by less than 0.5% in the last 3 years, which was attributed by a very low birth rate, contributing to an aging population. Around 12.4% of the population are under 14 years over age, while those in retirement age number 20.8%. The city has seen a sharp rise in immigrants, including the suburban areas. The population remains vastly Italian (92.1%), but there are sizeable numbers of other groups like Romanian: 2.3%, Moroccan: 1.5%, Peruvian: 0.5%, Albanian: 0.4%, and other groups.

Economy

Nowadays the city is a major industrial centre, known particularly as home to the headquarters and main production lines of the car company Fiat. The city is home to the famous Lingotto building, which was at one time the largest car factory in the world, and is now a convention centre, concert hall, art gallery, shopping centre and hotel. Other industries born in Turin are Invicta born in 1821 ,Lavazza, Martini and the chocolate factory Caffarel. It is also a center for aerospace industry, with Alenia. Some major elements of the International Space Station, such as the Multi-Purpose Logistics Modules have been produced in Turin. The future European launcher projects beyond Ariane 5 will also be managed from Turin, by the new NGL company, a subsidiary of EADS (70%) and Finmeccanica (30%). Turin is also the birthplace of major aspects of Italian economy, such as telecommunications Telecom Italia, television (Rai, National TV channel) and cinema. Most of these industries have moved to other parts of Italy, but Turin still hosts the National Museum of Cinema. The town currently has a large number of rail and road work sites. Although this activity has increased as a result of the 2006 Winter Olympics, part of it had long been planned. Some of the work sites deal with general improvements to car traffic, such as underpasses and flyovers. Two projects are of major importance and will change the shape of the town radically. One is the 'Spina' ('spine') which includes the doubling of a major railroad crossing the town; the railroad previously ran in a trench, which will now be covered by a major boulevard; the town rail station on this line will become the main station of Turin ('Porta Susa'). The other major project is the construction of a metropolitan underground line based on the VAL system. This project is expected to continue for years and to cover a larger part of the town, but its first phase will finish in time for the Olympic Games and will link the nearby town of Collegno with the 'Porta Nuova' station in Turin's town centre. This underground transportation project has historical importance for Turin, as the town has dreamed of an underground line for decades, the first project dating as far back as the twenties. In fact, the main street in the town centre ('Via Roma') runs atop a tunnel built during the fascist era (when 'Via Roma' was built); the tunnel was supposed to host the underground line and is now used as an underground car park.

Sites of interest

Collegno] Collegno Collegno] One of its main symbols is the Mole Antonelliana, which hosts the National Cinema Museum of Italy. The Cathedral of St John the Baptist houses the Shroud of Turin, an old linen cloth with an imprint of a man, which is believed by many to be the cloth that covered Jesus in his grave. The Museo Egizio has the most important collection of Egyptian antiquities in the world after the Cairo Museum. Turin offers a circuit of great historical and architectural interest: the Savoy Residences. In addition to the Royal Palace, the official residence of the Savoys until 1865, the circuit includes palaces, residences and castles in the city centre and in the surrounding towns. Torino is home to Palazzo Chiablese, the Royal Armoury, the Royal Library, Palazzo Madama, Palazzo Carignano, Villa della Regina, and the Valentino Castle. In the area around the city, the castles of Rivoli, Moncalieri, Venaria, Agliè, Racconigi, and Govone can be visited. The Hunting Lodge by Juvarra can be admired in Stupinigi and there is also the royal estate in Pollenzo. Some of these (first and foremost Rivoli, the location of the Museum of the same name) host events, exhibitions and cultural initiatives not only of local interest. In 1997, this complex of historical buildings was recognised as a world heritage site by Unesco. In the hills above the city is the basilica church of Superga, from where there is a splendid panorama of Turin against a backdrop of the snow-capped Alps. Superga can be reached by means of the Superga Rack Railway from the suburb of Sassi. The city is also famous for being the film set of the 1969 classic film The Italian Job starring Michael Caine. It is possible to visit all the locations on a special tour.

Universities

- University of Turin (Università degli Studi di Torino) / http://www.unito.it/
- Politecnico di Torino (Turin) / http://www.polito.it/

Turin World Book Capital

After Alexandria, Madrid, New Delhi, Antwerp and Montreal, Turin has been chosen by UNESCO as World Book Capital for the year 2006 because of its activity of book and reading promotion, especially with the International Book Fair, one of the most important fairs in Europe of its kind. From April 2006 to April 2007 Turin will host a festival called "Signs of Writing" composed of events, meetings, seminars, debates, letters, and performances.

Sport

The city is famous for its soccer teams (Juventus and Torino Calcio), and will host the 2006 Winter Olympics. One year later, in 2007 it will host the Winter Universiade. In a terrible air accident in 1949, a plane carrying the whole Torino football team (at that time one of the most important in Italy) hit the church of Superga, on the Turin hills. Among those who lost their lives was Valentino Mazzola, father of Ferruccio and Sandro Mazzola (who were also later to be football champions). Turin was also the city were the FISA (international rowing federation) was born in 1892.

Chocolate

Turin is the birth place of solid chocolate. It was in Turin that Doret invented a revolutionary machine that could make solid chocolate as we eat it now at the end of the 18th century. Turin produces a typical chocolate, named Gianduiotto after Gianduia, a local Commedia dell'arte mask, and many other kinds of chocolate in a host of confectioneries all around the city.

Nearby towns

Turin is surrounded by several smaller cities in the Province of Turin such as Grugliasco, Rivoli, Chivasso, Venaria, Settimo Torinese, Orbassano, Moncalieri, Avigliana, Buttigliera Alta, Gassino Torinese, Nichelino, Collegno and others, that make up one of Italy's primary metropolitan areas.

Notable natives

- Giovanni Agnelli (1866-1945) founder of FIAT
- Gianni Agnelli (1921-2003) chairman director of FIAT and very influential Italian
- Amedeo Avogadro (1776-1856) biologist
- Alessandro Baricco (1958-) writer
- Giuseppe Marc'Antonio Baretti (1719-1789) critic
- Camillo Benso, count of Cavour politician (Italian unification)
- Norberto Bobbio (1909-2004) Historian and philosopher
- Pierre Paul Caffarel (1795-1850) Inventor and businessman of chocolate
- Antonio Benedetto Carpano (1764-1815) Inventor of Vermouth and aperitif
- Robert Fano (1917-) Engineer
- Galileo Ferraris (1847-1997) Physicist and electrical engineer
- Sonia Gandhi (1946-) Politician
- Piero Gobetti (1901-1926) Intellectual
- Joseph Louis Lagrange (1736-1813) Mathematician
- Vincenzo Lancia (1881-1937) Sportsman and businessman, founder of Lancia
- Luigi Lavazza (1859-1949) Inventor and businessman of coffee
- Carlo Levi (1902-1975) Painter
- Primo Levi (1919-1987) Philosopher and writer
- Salvador Edward Luria (1912-1991) Nobel Prize in physiology and medicine
- Alessandro Martini (1812-1905) Businessman of vermouth
- Rita Levi-Montalcini (1909-) Nobel Prize in physiology and medicine
- Adriano Olivetti (1901-1960) Businessman
- Giuseppe Peano (1858-1932) Mathematician
- Aurelio Peccei (1908-1984) Founder of the Club of Rome
- Piero Sraffa (1898-1983) Influential economist
- Massimo Taparelli, marquis d'Azeglio (1798-1866), statesman, novelist and painter
- Umberto Tozzi (1952-) Singer
- Victor Emmanuel II of Italy (1820-1878) The King of Piedmont and the first King of the united Italy

Notable residents

- Edmondo de Amicis
- St. John Bosco
- Francesco Faà di Bruno
- Italo Calvino
- Gaspare Campari
- Francesco Cirio
- Renato Dulbecco
- Umberto Eco
- Luigi Einaudi
- Erasmus
- Guido Fubini
- Natalia Ginzburg
- Antonio Gramsci
- Cesare Lombroso
- Joseph de Maistre
- Giulio Natta
- Friedrich Nietzsche
- Vilfredo Pareto
- Cesare Pavese
- Emilio Salgari
- Ascanio Sobrero
- Germain Sommeiller
- Elio Vittorini

External links

- [http://www.comune.torino.it The official istitutional site] - Website version is in Italian - Also some pages in English, German, Spanish and French.
- [http://mappatorino.csp.it Experimental interactive maps] - Website version is in Italian
- [http://digilander.libero.it/fotogian/torino.home.html Photos of Turin]
- [http://www.torino2006.org/ Torino 2006 Olympic Games] - English, Italian and French. Website version is in Italian.
- [http://citymayors.com/interviews/turin_interview.html CityMayors article]
- [http://www.universiadetorino2007.org/ENG/HomeENG.asp Winter Universiade Torino 2007] - English, Italian and French. Website Version is Italian.
- [http://en.comuni-italiani.it/001/272/ Guide to Turin city] - Information and useful link
- [http://www.italianvisits.com/piemonte/turin/ ItalianVisits.com]
- [http://www.fieralibro.it/ International Book Fair ]
- [http://www.museonazionaledelcinema.org/ National Cinema Museum of Italy ] Category:Turin Category:Host cities of the Winter Olympic Games Category:World Book Capital Category:Towns in Piedmont ko:토리노 ja:トリノ

ריבוזים

ריבוזים (Ribozyme) הינו מולקולת RNA המסוגלת לזרז תגובות כימיות בתא, בדומה לאנזים. המילה ריבוזים הינה שילוב של המילים חומצה ריבונוקלאית (RNA) ואנזים. הריבוזימים התגלו לראשונה בתחילת שנות ה-80, וחוללו מהפכה של ממש בעולם הביולוגיה, שכן עד אז סברו המדענים כי אנזימים (אשר הינם חלבונים) הם היחידים המזרזים תגובות בעולם החי, ושלא יתכן שלחומצות גרעין (המורכבות מנוקלאוטידים) תכונות דומות. שני הביולוגים האמריקניים אשר גילו את הריבוזימים זכו על כך בפרס נובל לכימיה לשנת 1989. ריבוזימים הם הגורם העיקרי המבצע שחבור של mRNA בגרעין התא. בנוסף, המרכיב העיקרי בריבוזומים, אברוני התא בהם מבוצעת בניית החלבונים, הינו למעשה ריבוזים. עדויות נמצאו לכך שריבוזים הוא זה שגורם לחלבון מסוים בתאי המוח לשנות את מבנהו המרחבי ולהפוך לפריון - הגורם למחלות הסופניות קרויצפלד-יקוב וספגת המוח של הבקר (מחלת הפרה המשוגעת). קטגוריה:גנטיקה קטגוריה:ביוכימיה קטגוריה:אנזימים קטגוריה:ביולוגיה מולקולרית ja:リボザイム

Kabarety Muzyczne gry online statystyki appartamenti bruxelles slots

:: RELATED NEWS ::

Motel
Motel - przedsiębiorstwo świadczące podstawowe usługi hotelarskie przy uczęszczanym szlaku komunikacyjnym, którego oferta jest skierowana przede wszystkim do zmotoryzowanych podróżnych. Motele są najczęściej usytuowane na obrzeżach miast, oraz wzdłuż dalekich tras, a także w innych szczególnych miejscach, takich jak np. przejścia graniczne, czy skrzyżowania ważnych dróg. Motele są zaopatrzone w udogodnienia dla podróżujących samochodem, np. duży strzeżony parking z możliwością parkowania pojazdów bardzo blisko pokoju hotelowego. Często są położone również w

Seung Sahn
Seung Sahn (ur. 1927, zm. 30 listopada 2004) był 78 patriarchą buddyzmu koreańskiego w linii przekazu od Buddy Siakjamuniego. Urodził się w północnej części Korei. Został mnichem w październiku 1948 roku. W dziesięć dni po wyświęceniu

Bulina
Bulina (odciąg) - lina pomocnicza stosowana w żeglarstwie do dodatkowego napinania żagli w sytuacjach, gdy podstawowe liny napinające żagle pracują pod wyraźnie innym kątem niż powinny w danych warunkach wiatrowych, lub też nie można nimi nadać wymaganego kształtu żaglom. Istnieją dwa, zupełnie różne typy bulin, w zależności od typu ożaglowania: 1. W

Ankona
Ankona - miasto w środkowych Włoszech nad Adriatykiem. Ankona jest stolicą prowincji o tej samej nazwie i regionu Marche. Miasto położone jest amfiteatralnie na nadmorskich wzgórzach (m.in. Monte Conero 572 m n.p.m.) Wg danych na rok 2004 gminę zamieszkują 100 402 osoby, 816,3 os./km².

Historia

Ankona została zał

Adriatyk
Morze Adriatyckie morze będące północnym odgałęzieniem Morza Śródziemnego. Morze Adriatyckie rozdziela Półwysep Apeniński od Bałkańskiego. Morze Adriatyckie:
- powierzchnia 160 tys. km²
- głębokość do 1400 m
- temperatura wód powierzchniowych:
- od 24 do 26°C (lat

Gejzer
] Gejzer - rodzaj gorącego źródła, które gwałownie wyrzuca słup wody i pary wodnej. Wybuchy gejzerów są dość regularne, ale dla każdego źródła odstępy pomiędzy kolejnymi wybuchami są inne. Woda może być wyrzucana na wysokość nawet 30-70 m. Nazwa gejzer pochodzi od nazwy najbardziej znanego gejzeru n

Linie lotnicze
Linie lotnicze - przedsiębiorstwo oferujące usługi lotnicze, obejmujące przewóz pasażerów i/lub ładunków. Samoloty, używane przez linie, mogą być ich własnością lub wypożyczone. Dla zwiększenia zysków wiele linii lotniczych z różnych krajów zrzesza się w sojusze. Zobacz:
- linie lotnicze na świecie
- tanie linie lotnicze
-

Sojusze linii lotniczych
Sojusze linii lotniczych tworzone są przez linie lotnicze z różnych krajów w celu optymalizacji sieci połączeń i redukcji kosztów.

Sojusze linii lotniczych:

- Star Alliance ([http://www.star-alliance.com/]) - 123 mln pasażerów (23% udziałów w rynku)
- Air Canada (Kanada)
- Air New Zealand (województwie kujawsko-pomorskim, powiecie bydgoskim. Informacje ogólne o miejscowości:
- status: miasto
- liczba mieszkańców: 10,7 tys. (1999)
- lokalizacja: województwo kujawsko-pomorskie, powiat bydgoski, Gmina Koronowo
- współrzędne geografi

Linie lotnicze na świecie
Poniższa lista przedstawia ważniejsze światowe linie lotnicze

Afryka

- Algieria
- Air Algerie
- Egipt
- Air Sinai
- EgyptAir
- Gabon
- DAS Air Cargo<