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River Dane

River Dane

The River Dane is a river in Cheshire in the north west England. The river rises in Derbyshire, close to the source of the River Goyt just to the south west of Buxton, on Axe Edge Moor. Flowing south west, it forms the border between Cheshire and Staffordshire for around 10 miles before flowing west through Congleton and past Holmes Chapel. Passing just to the north of Middlewich it merges with the River Wheelock near the aqueduct carrying the Trent and Mersey Canal, and runs the remaining five miles north to Northwich where it flows into the River Weaver. Dane Dane

Cheshire

This article is about the English county. For other uses see Cheshire (disambiguation) Cheshire (or archaically the County of Chester) is a palatine county in North West England. Its county town is the city of Chester. It borders the ceremonial counties of Merseyside, Greater Manchester, Derbyshire, Staffordshire (with Stoke-on-Trent), and Shropshire. It also borders the current unitary authorities of Flintshire and Wrexham in Wales. Some northern parts of the county are effectively suburbs of Manchester or Liverpool, and many of those who work in these cities commute from other parts of the county. Cheshire's largest town is Warrington, however the administrative centre for Cheshire is Chester, the historical county town. This is partly because Warrington is a unitary authority, and therefore, officially, an administrative county on its own. Other important towns in Cheshire are: Northwich, Crewe, Ellesmere Port, Macclesfield, Runcorn and Widnes.

History

:Main article: History of Cheshire. Cheshire in the Domesday Book was recorded as a much larger county than it is today. Its northern border was the River Ribble, and it was recorded with eighteen hundreds, six of which were north of the River Mersey. In 1182 the land north of the Mersey became administered as part of the new county of Lancashire instead. Later, the hundreds of Atiscross and Exestan became part of Wales. Over the years the ten hundreds consolidated to just seven — Broxton, Bucklow, Eddisbury, Macclesfield, Nantwich, Northwich, and Wirral. In a local government reform in 1974, some areas near the border with Lancashire became part of the new metropolitan counties of Greater Manchester and Merseyside, notably Stockport, and much of The Wirral Peninsula was also lost,as was the North-Eastern tip,comprising the areas of Woodhead and Tintwistle,which transferred into Derbyshire. Also at this time, Cheshire regained Warrington and the surrounding district from Lancashire, as well as Widnes. Halton and Warrington became unitary authorities independent of Cheshire on April 1, 1998, but remain part of the county for ceremonial purposes, as well as fire and policing. A referendum for a further local government reform connected with a regional assembly was planned for 2004, but was abandoned (see Northern England referendum, 2004).

Geography

Northern England referendum, 2004 Cheshire covers a boulder clay plain separating the hills of North Wales and the Peak District of Derbyshire. This was formed following the retreat of ice age glaciers which left the area dotted with kettle holes, locally referred to as meres. The bedrock of this region is almost entirely Triassic sandstone, outcrops of which have long been quarried, notably at Runcorn, providing the distinctive red stone for Liverpool Cathedral and Chester Cathedral. The eastern half of the county is Upper Triassic Mercia mudstone laid down with large salt deposits which were mined for hundreds of years around Northwich. Separating this area from Lower Triassic Sherwood sandstone to the west is a prominent Sandstone Ridge. A 51km footpath follows this ridge from Frodsham to Whitchurch passing Delamere Forest, Beeston Castle and earlier iron age forts. Cheshire is a mainly rural county with a high concentration of villages. Agriculture is generally based around the dairy trade and cattle is the predominant livestock. Most of the industry is in the North adjacent to the Mersey, notably the centre of the British chemical industry, including ICI at Runcorn (originally sited here because of the proximity of salt mines). Crewe was once the centre of the British railway industry and remains a major junction. Towns in the east of Cheshire form Manchester's most affluent commuter belt with some of the UK's highest property prices outside the Home Counties. Cheshire is rich in canals, particularly the east of the county with its strategic importance between Manchester, Stoke and Birmingham. The Rochdale, Ashton, Peak Forest, Macclesfield, Trent and Mersey and Bridgewater canals have been restored for leisure use, forming the "Cheshire Ring".

Famous products

- Cheshire cheese
- Salt

Famous people

- the singer Tim Burgess from the Charlatans
- Lewis Carroll was born and raised here, hence the Cheshire cat
- Actor and singer Tim Curry was born in Warrington
- Thomas Egerton, 1st Baron Ellesmere was born in Ellesmere
- Writer Alan Garner
- Victorian novelist Elizabeth Gaskell was brought up in the town of Knutsford, which she depicted in her book, Cranford
- Gerald Grosvenor, 6th Duke of Westminster, one of the UK's wealthiest residents lives at Eaton Hall near Chester
- Emma Hamilton (Lady Hamilton) was born in the county
- George Mallory born in Mobberley, Cheshire, famous mountaineer, died in 1924 climbing Mt. Everest

Settlements

This is a list of the major towns and cities in Cheshire, for a full list of settlements see list of places in Cheshire.

Places of interest

(in alphabetical order)
- Adlington Hall
- Anderton Boat Lift
- Arley Hall
- Beeston Castle
- Biddulph Valley Way, a long distance footpath
- Capesthorne Hall
- Cholmondley Castle
- Dunham Massey
- Ellesmere Port Boat Museum
- Elton Hall, Aldford
- Gawsworth Hall
- Holt Castle
- Jodrell Bank Science Centre
- Lyme Hall, Lyme Park, one of the locations for BBC's Pride and Prejudice
- Lion Salt Works, Marston, an industrial museum
- Little Moreton Hall
- Macclesfield Canal
- Macclesfield Forest
- Moss Hall, Audlem
- Ness Botanic Gardens
- Parkgate
- Peckforton Castle
- Peover Hall
- River Weaver, River Dee, River Dane, River Bollin, River Goyt, River Gowy
- Quarry Bank Mill, Styal, an industrial museum
- Sandbach Crosses
- Shropshire Union Canal
- Swettenham Meadows
- Tabley House
- Tatton Hall, Tatton Park
- Tegg's Nose Country Park
- Trent and Mersey Canal
- Watermills: Bunbury Mill, Nether Alderley Mill, Quarry Bank Mill, Stretton Mill

External links

- [http://www.cheshire.gov.uk Cheshire Council]
- [http://www.wildlifetrust.org.uk/cheshire Cheshire Wildlife Trust]
- [http://www.lionsaltworkstrust.co.uk Lion Salt Works Museum]
- [http://www.manchester2002-uk.com/maps/canalss-map.html Cheshire Canals]

Category:Counties of the Welsh Marches

England

:For an explanation of often-confusing terms like England, (Great) Britain and United Kingdom see British Isles (terminology). England is a nation and the largest and most populous constituent country of the United Kingdom accounting for more than 83% of the total UK population. It occupies most of the southern two-thirds of the island of Great Britain and shares land borders with fellow home nations Scotland, to the north, and Wales, to the west. Elsewhere, it is bordered by the sea. England is named after the Angles, one of a number of Germanic tribes believed to have originated in Angeln in Northern Germany, who settled in England in the 5th and 6th centuries. It has not had a distinct political identity since 1707, when Great Britain was established as a unified political entity; however, it has a legal identity separate from those of Scotland and Northern Ireland, as part of the entity "England and Wales;". England's largest city, London, is also the capital of the United Kingdom.

History

Main article: History of England England has been inhabited for at least 500,000 years, although the repeated Ice Ages made much of Britain uninhabitable for extended periods until as recently as 20,000 years ago. Stone Age hunter-gatherers eventually gave way to farmers and permanent settlements, with a spectacular and sophisticated megalithic civilisation arising in western England some 4,000 years ago. It was replaced around 1,500 years later by Celtic tribes migrating from Western and continental Europe, mainly from France. These tribes were known collectively as "Britons", a name bestowed by Phoenician traders — an indication of how, even at this early date, the island was part of a Europe-wide trading network. The Britons were significant players in continental politics and supported their allies in Gaul militarily during the Gallic Wars with the Roman Republic. This prompted the Romans to invade and subdue the island, first with Julius Caesar's raid in 55 BC, and then the Emperor Claudius' conquest in the following century. The whole southern part of the island — roughly corresponding to modern day England and Wales — became a prosperous part of the Roman Empire. It was finally abandoned early in the 5th century when a weakening Empire pulled back its legions to defend borders on the Continent. Unaided by the Roman army, Roman Britannia could not long resist the Germanic tribes who arrived in the 5th and 6th centuries, enveloping the majority of modern day England in a new culture and language and pushing Romano-British rule back into modern-day Wales and western extremities of England, notably Cornwall and Cumbria. Others emigrated across the channel to modern-day Brittany, thus giving it its name and language (Breton). But many of the Romano-British remained in and were assimilated into the newly "English" areas. The invaders fell into three main groups: the Jutes, the Saxons, and the Angles. As they became more civilised, recognisable states formed and began to merge with one another. (The most well-known state of affairs being the Anglo-Saxon heptarchy.) From time to time throughout this period, one Anglo-Saxon king, recognised as the "Bretwalda" by other rulers, had effective control of all or most of the English; so it is impossible to identify the precise moment when the Kingdom of England was unified. In some sense, real unity came as a response to the Danish Viking incursions which occupied the eastern half of "England" in the 8th century. Egbert, King of Wessex (d. 839) is often regarded as the first king of all the English, although the title "King of England" was first adopted, two generations later, by Alfred the Great (ruled 871–899). The principal legacy left behind in those territories from which the language of the Britons were displaced is that of toponyms. Many of the place-names in England and to a lesser extent Scotland are derived from celtic British names, including London, Dumbarton, York, Dorchester, Dover and Colchester. Several place-name elements are thought to be wholly or partly Brythonic in origin, particularly bre-, bal-, and -dun for hills, carr for a high rocky place, coomb for a small deep valley. Until recently it has been believed that those areas settled by the Anglo-Saxons were uninhabited at the time or the Britons had fled before them. However, genetic studies show that the British were not pushed out to the Celtic fringes – many tribes remained in what was to become England (see C. Capelli et al. A Y chromosome census of the British Isles. Current Biology 13, 979–984, (2003)). Capelli's findings strengthen the research of Steven Bassett of the University of Birmingham; his work during the 1990s suggests that much of the West Midlands was only very lightly colonised with Anglian and Saxon settlements.

This royal throne of kings, this sceptred isle,
This earth of majesty, this seat of Mars,
This other Eden, demi-paradise,
This fortress built by Nature for herself
Against infection and the hand of war,
This happy breed of men, this little world,
This precious stone set in the silver sea,
Which serves it in the office of a wall
Or as a moat defensive to a house,
Against the envy of less happier lands,—
This blessed plot, this earth, this realm, this England.

William Shakespeare
Richard II (Act 2, Scene 1)

The English are great lovers of themselves, and of everything belonging to them; they think that there are no other men than themselves, and no other world but England; and whenever they see a handsome foreigner, they say that 'he looks like an Englishman', and that 'it is a great pity that he should not be an Englishmen'.

Venetian ambassador to England
Early 16th century
Charlotte Augusta Sneyd
Italian Relations of England (p. 20)

Richard II] Richard II] In 1066, William the Conqueror and the Normans conquered the existing Kingdom of England and instituted an Anglo-Norman administration and nobility who, retaining proto-French as their language for the next three hundred years, ruled as custodians over English commoners. Although the language and racial distinctions faded rapidly during the middle ages, the class system born in the Norman/Saxon divide persisted longer — arguably with traces lasting to the modern day. While Old English continued to be spoken by common folk, Norman feudal lords significantly influenced the language with French words and customs being adopted over the succeeding centuries evolving to a Romance-Germanic hybrid of Middle English widely spoken in Chaucer's time. England came repeatedly into conflict with Wales and Scotland, at the time an independent principality and an independent kingdom respectively, as its rulers sought to expand Norman power across the entire island of Britain. The conquest of Wales was achieved in the 13th century, when it was annexed to England and gradually came to be a part of that kingdom for most legal purposes, although in the modern era it is more usually thought of as a separate nation (fielding, for example, its own athletic teams). Norman power in Scotland waxed and waned over the years, with the Scots managing to maintain a varying degree of independence despite repeated wars with the English. Although it was on the whole only a moderately successful power in military terms, England became one of the wealthiest states in medieval Europe, due chiefly to its dominance in the lucrative wool market. The failure of English territorial ambitions in continental Europe prompted the kingdom's rulers to look further afield, creating the foundations of the mercantile and colonial network that was to become the British Empire. The turmoil of the Reformation embroiled England in religious wars with Europe's Catholic powers, notably Spain, but the kingdom preserved its independence as much through luck as through the skill of charismatic rulers such as Elizabeth I. Elizabeth's successor, James I was already king of Scotland (as James VI); and this personal union of the two crowns into the crown of Great Brittaine was followed a century later by the Act of Union 1707, which formally unified England, Scotland and Wales into the Kingdom of Great Britain. This later became the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (1801 to 1927) and then the modern state of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (1927 to present) For post-unification history, see history of the United Kingdom.

Politics

Main article: Politics of the United Kingdom, Government of England Since the promulgation of the 1284 Statute of Rhuddlan and the Laws in Wales Acts 1535-1542, Wales has shared a legal identity with England as the joint entity of England and Wales. The Act of Union with the Kingdom of Scotland in 1707 created the Kingdom of Great Britain, subsuming England, Wales and Scotland into a single political entity. Scotland, along with Northern Ireland, retain separate legal systems. The duchy of Cornwall also retains some unique rights. All of Great Britain has been ruled by the government of the United Kingdom since that date, although in 1999 the first elections to the newly created Scottish Parliament and National Assembly for Wales left England as the only part of the Union with no devolved assembly or parliament. As all legislation for England is passed by Parliament at Westminster there are some complaints about the ability of non-English Members of Parliament to influence purely English affairs. This apparent anomaly has been highlighted by both English and non-English politicians, often those opposed to devolution, and has become popularly known as the West Lothian question. Administratively, England is something of an anomaly within the UK. Unlike the other three nations, it has no local parliament or government and its administrative affairs are dealt with by a combination of the UK government, the UK parliament and a number of England-specific quangos, such as English Heritage. There are calls from some for a devolved English Parliament and from others for the dissolution of the UK and an independent England. The current Labour government favoured the establishment of regional administration, claiming that England was too large to be governed as a sub-state entity. A referendum on this issue in North East England on 4 November 2004 decisively rejected the proposal. Some criticised the English regional proposals for not decentralising enough, saying that they amounted not to devolution, but to little more than local government reorganisation, with no real power being removed from central government. The English regions would not even have had the limited powers of the Welsh Assembly, much less the tax-varying and legislative powers of the Scottish Parliament. Rather, power was simply re-allocated within the region, with little new resource allocation and no real prospects of Assemblies being able to change the pattern of regional aid. Responsibility for regional transport was added to the proposals late in the process. This was perhaps crucial in the North East, where resentment at the Barnett Formula, which delivers greater regional aid to adjacent Scotland, was a significant impetus for the North East devolution campaign. There has also been a campaign for a Cornish assembly along Welsh lines by groups such as Mebyon Kernow, which recently collected 50,000 signatures in support. Some eurosceptics believe that the establishment of English regions as administrative entities is designed to undermine the concept of English nationhood and more easily fit England into a European federal model. Conventionally the national capital of England is London, although technically it would be more exact to call London the capital of "England and Wales" given England's lack of a distinctive political identity separate from the Principality. Winchester served as the country's first national capital until some time in the late 11th century after the Norman Conquest. The City of London became England's commercial capital, while the City of Westminster (where the Royal court was located) became the political capital. These roles have, broadly speaking, been maintained to the present day.

Subdivisions

Main article: Subdivisions of England Historically, the highest level of local government in England was the county. These divisions had emerged from a range of units of old, pre-unification England, whether they were Kingdoms, such as Essex and Sussex; Duchies, such as Yorkshire, Cornwall and Lancashire or simply tracts of land given to some noble, as is the case with Berkshire. Until 1867, they were subdivided into smaller divisions called hundreds. These counties all still exist in, or near to, their original form as the traditional counties. In many places, however, they have been heavily modified or abolished outright as administrative counties. This came about due to a number of factors. The fact that the counties were so small meant, and still means, that there was no regional government able to coordinate an overarching plan for the area. This was especially true in the metropolitan areas surrounding the cities, as the county lines were usually drawn up before the industrial revolution and the mass urbanisation of England. The solution was the creation of large metropolitan counties centred on cities. These were later broken up, with several other counties, into unitary authorities, unifying the county and district/borough levels of government. London is a special case, and is the one region which currently has a representative authority as well as a directly elected mayor. The 32 London boroughs and the Corporation of London remain the local form of government in the city. Other than Greater London, the official regions are:
- North East England
- North West England
- Yorkshire and the Humber
- West Midlands
- East Midlands
- East of England
- South West England
- South East England Outside London the regions have very little power and are not accountable to elected representatives; regional authority is placed in the hands of unelected assemblies. If, as now seems unlikely, regions opt to replace these bodies with elected assemblies, local government in England will remain as variable and, some might say, as confusing as ever

Geography

Main articles: Geography of the United Kingdom, Geography of England Geography of England England comprises the central and southern two-thirds of the island of Great Britain, plus offshore islands of which the largest is the Isle of Wight. It is bordered to the north by Scotland and to the west by Wales. It is closer to continental Europe than any other part of Britain, divided from France only by a 38 km (24 statute mile or 21 nautical mile) sea gap. Most of England consists of rolling hills, but it is more mountainous in the north with a chain of low mountains, the Pennines, dividing east and west. The dividing line between terrain types is usually indicated by the Tees-Exe line. There is also an area of flat, low-lying marshland in the east, much of which has been drained for agricultural use. The list of England's largest cities is much debated because in British English the normal meaning of city is "a continuously built-up urban area"; these are hard to define and various other definitions are preferred by some people to boost the ranking of their own city. London is by far the largest English city. Manchester and Birmingham vie for second place. A number of other cities, mainly in the north of England, are of substantial size and influence. These include: Liverpool, Leeds, Newcastle, Nottingham, Bristol and Sheffield Using the standard U.S. city limits definition of a city the top six are: Birmingham, Leeds, Sheffield, Bradford, Liverpool and Manchester. Note that London is not on this list (Greater London is a region and the City of London is tiny), and that one of the two candidates for the status of England's "second city", Manchester, is down in sixth. In the UK, this method of ranking cities is generally used only by people whose own city is promoted by it. The Channel Tunnel, near Folkestone, links England to the European mainland. The English/French border is halfway along the tunnel. The largest harbour in England is at Poole, on the south-central coast. Internationally, it is the second largest harbour in the world, although this fact is disputed (See harbors for a list of other potential second largest harbours) The highest temperature ever recorded in England is 38.5 °C (101.3 °F) on August 10, 2003 in Kent. [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/kent/3153532.stm]. The lowest temperature ever recorded in England is -26.1 °C (-15.0 °F) on January 10, 1982 at Newport in Shropshire. [http://www.metoffice.com/climate/uk/location/england/#temperature]

Major rivers

Shropshire.]]
- Thames
- Severn
- Trent
- Humber
- Yorkshire Ouse
- Tyne
- Mersey
- Dee
- Avon Main article: Waterways in the United Kingdom

Major Conurbations

:See main article: List of towns in England The largest cities in England are much debated but according to the urban area populations (continuous built up areas) these would be the 15 largest conurbations. (Population figures taken from 2001 census) #Greater London (8,278,251) #West Midlands (2,284,093) #Greater Manchester (2,244,931) #Leeds/Bradford (1,499,465) #Tyneside (879,996) #Liverpool (816,216) #Nottingham (666,358) #Sheffield (640,720) #Bristol (551,066) #Brighton/Worthing/Littlehampton (461,181) #Portsmouth (442,252) #Leicester (441,213) #Bournemouth/Poole (383,713) #Reading (369,804) #Teesside (365,323)

Economy

Main article: Economy of England

Demographics

Main articles: Demographics of England, Population of England England is both the most populous and the most ethnically diverse nation in the United Kingdom with around 49 million inhabitants, of which roughly a tenth are from non-White ethnic groups. It is one of the most densely populated countries in Europe, second only to the Netherlands. This population is made up of, and descended from, immigrants who have arrived over millennia. The principal waves of migration have been in c. 600 BC (Celts), the Roman period (garrison soldiers from throughout the Empire), 350–550 (Angles, Saxons, Jutes), 800–900 (Vikings, Danes), 1066 (Normans), 1650–1750 (European refugees and Huguenots), 1840–1850 (Irish), 1880–1940 (Irish, Jews), 1950— (Irish, Caribbeans, Africans, South Asians), 1985— (citizens of European Community member states especially Ireland, East Europeans, Iranians, Kurds, refugees). The general prosperity of England as the largest partner of the UK, has also made it a destination for economic migrants particularly from Ireland and Scotland. This segment of English homogeneous society continues to create a diverse and dynamic language that is widely used internationally. The other image of foreign ethnic components in England is still mostly seen as a legacy of the British Empire; especially the Commonwealth of Nations.

English identity

The simplest view is that an English person is someone who is from England and holds British nationality, regardless of his or her racial origin. However, inhabitants of England quite commonly refer to themselves as "British" rather than "English"; centuries of English dominance within the United Kingdom has created a situation where to be English is, as a linguist would put it, an "unmarked" state (i.e. a British person, institution, custom, city, etc. is assumed English unless specified otherwise). The English frequently include their neighbours in the general term "British" while the Scots and Welsh, proud of their separate identities, tend to be more forward about referring to themselves by one of those more specific terms. Although currently a part of England, a notable percentage of those living in Cornwall feel similarly, considering themselves Cornish first. One significant exception is in Northern Ireland, where the Unionist community tend to identify very strongly as "British" (Republicans living in the province are more likely to consider themselves "Irish"), and there is not a "Northern Ireland" or "Northern Irish" identity to the same extent as there is (e.g.) a Scottish one. A person, therefore, using the term "English" to describe him or herself (regardless of personal history) may be going out of his or her way to do so; hence he or she may also be seen (rightly or wrongly, and not necessarily pejoratively) as nationalistic. While Scottish, Welsh, Irish and Cornish patriotism are widely exhibited, specifically English patriotism has often been viewed with suspicion, and most English people feel more comfortable identifying themselves with Britain as a whole. However, this may be to avoid being seen as bullies by their neighbours. The extent to which specifically English patriotism is linked to a right-wing xenophobic agenda has also generated discomfort. The appropriation of English symbols by racist far-right organisations such as the National Front made many people uncomfortable with expressions of Englishness. In recent years, English identity has recently been a topic of debate in the national press, with many English people trying to "reclaim" the term and the flag from the far-right. See English nationalism. One notable exception to the above is in relation to sports, in particular Association football, Rugby football and to a lesser extent Cricket. Transient successes are often accompanied by a revival of the use of the "St George's Cross". While it has not yet replaced the "Union Flag" its use is on the increase. Many English people who have spent a lot of time overseas fall into the habit of referring to themselves as "English". It is the most recognisable designation by speakers of many languages, especially where their own language uses a similar word. Even in other English-speaking countries, people are often perplexed by concepts of "British" or the "United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland". All these distinctions are only possible because there is no "English citizenship" or legal definition of Englishness. Moreover, the hazy understanding many people have of the distinction between "England" and "Britain" compounds the confusion. If in doubt, refer to an "English" person as "British": this will always be correct. It may not be as precise as "English", but it will avoid offence in the event the person is actually from a different part of Britain.

Culture

Union Flag Main article: Culture of England
- English literature
- Sir Thomas Browne
- Geoffrey Chaucer
- John Milton
- William Shakespeare
- Jane Austen
- Mary Shelley
- Charles Dickens
- Thomas Hardy
- George Orwell
- J. R. R. Tolkien
- C. S. Lewis
- Douglas Adams
- List of national parks of England and Wales
- Food and Drink
- English folklore
- English art
- English school of painting
- Music of England

Languages

Music of England.]] As its name suggests, the English language, today spoken by hundreds of millions of people around the world, originated as the language of England, where it remains the principal tongue today (although not officially designated as such). An Indo-European language in Anglo-Frisian branch of the Germanic family, it is closely related to Scots and Frisian. As the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms merged into England, "Old English" emerged; some of its literature and poetry has survived. Used by aristocracy and commoners alike before the Norman Conquest (1066), English was displaced in cultured contexts under the new regime by the Norman French language of the new Anglo-French aristocracy. Its use was confined primarily to the lower social classes while official business was conducted in a mixture of Latin and French. Over the following centuries, however, English gradually came back into fashion among all classes and for all official business except certain traditional ceremonies. (Some survive to this day.) But Middle English, as it had by now become, showed many signs of French influence, both in vocabulary and spelling. During the Renaissance, many words were coined from Latin and Greek origins; and more recent years, Modern English has extended this custom, being always remarkable for its far-flung willingness to incorporate foreign-influenced words. The law does not recognise any language as being official, but English is the only language used in England for general official business. The other national languages of the UK (Welsh, Irish Gaelic and Scottish Gaelic) are confined to their respective nations, and only Welsh is treated by law as an equal to English (and then only for organisations which do business in Wales). The only non-Anglic native spoken language in England is the Cornish language, a Celtic language spoken in Cornwall, which became extinct in the 19th century but has been revived and is spoken in various degrees of fluency by around 3,500 people. This has no official status (unlike Welsh) and is not required for official use, but is nonetheless supported by national and local government under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. Cornwall County Council has produced [http://www.cornwall.gov.uk/cornish/strategy/english/engl01.htm a draft strategy] to develop these plans. There is, however, no programme as yet for public bodies to actively promote the language. Scots is spoken by some adjacent to the Anglo-Scottish Border. Most deaf people within England speak British sign language (BSL), a sign language native to Britain. The British Deaf Association estimates that 70,000 people throughout the UK speak BSL as their first or preferred language, but does not give statistics specific to England. Like Cornish, BSL has no official status, but has been granted a degree of recognition by the government. The BBC broadcasts several of its programmes with BSL interpreters. Different languages from around the world, especially from the former British Empire and the Commonwealth of Nations, have been brought to England by immigrants. Many of these are widely spoken within ethnic minority communities, including Punjabi, Hindi, Urdu, Bengali, Gujarati, Chinese and Vietnamese. These are often used by official bodies to communicate with the relevant sections of the community, particularly in big cities, but this occurs on an "as needed" basis rather than as the result of specific legislative ordinances. Other languages have also traditionally been spoken by minority populations in England, including Romany. Despite the relatively small size of the nation, there are a large number of distinct English regional accents. Those with particularly strong accents may not be easily understood elsewhere in the country.

Nomenclature

The country is named after the Angles, one of several Germanic tribes who settled the country in the 5th and 6th centuries. There are two distinct linguistic patterns for the name of the country. The majority of European languages use names akin to "England":
- "England" (Danish, German, Swedish, Norwegian)
- "Engeland" (Dutch)
- "Inglismaa" (Estonian)
- "Angleterre" (French)
- "Inghilterra" (Italian)
- "Inglaterra" (Spanish, Portuguese, Galician)
- "Anglia" (Hungarian, Polish, Romanian, Albanian)
- "Anglija" (Russian, Slovene, Lithuanian, Ukrainian)
- "Engleska" (Croatian, Serbian)
- "Αγγλία" ("Anglía") (Greek)
- "Englanti" (Finnish) The Celtic names are quite different:
- "Bro-Saoz" (Breton)
- "Pow Sows" (Cornish)
- "Sasana" (Irish)
- "Sasainn" (Scottish Gaelic)
- "Lloegr" (Welsh) — but "Saeson" for the inhabitants.
- "Sostyn" (Manx Gaelic) Except for Lloegr, which is an ancient geographic term, these names are all derived from the Saxons, another family of Germanic tribes which arrived at about the same time as the Angles. See: Wiktionary:England for a further list of non-English names for England. "England" is sometimes mistakenly used to refer to the entire United Kingdom, the island of Great Britain, or the British Isles. This may offend people from other parts of the UK. Frequently the English use the less-specific "Britain" or "the UK", even when "England" is technically correct and commonly also use "England" when "Britain" would be correct. Alternative names include:
- the slang "Blighty", from the Hindustani "bila yati" meaning "foreign"
- "Albion", an ancient name popularised by Pliny the Elder and Ptolemy in the 1st century. Supposedly referring to the white (Latin alba) cliffs of Dover, this term has also been interpreted as a relative of Alba, today the Scots Gaelic name for Scotland. Whatever its origins, "Albion" originally referred to the whole island of Great Britain and is still sometimes seen that way today — but is more often used for England.
- More poetically, England has been called "this sceptred isle...this other Eden" and "this green and pleasant land", quotations respectively from the poetry of William Shakespeare (in Richard II) and William Blake (And did those feet in ancient time). The inhabitants of England are the English. The slang terms sometimes used for them include "Sassenachs" (from the Scots Gaelic), "Limeys" (in reference to the citrus fruits carried aboard English sailing vessels to prevent scurvy) and "Pom/Pommy" (used in Australian English and New Zealand English), but these may be perceived as offensive. Also see alternative words for British.

Symbols and insignia

alternative words for British.]] The two traditional symbols of England are the St. George's cross (the English flag) and the Three Lions coat of arms (see above), both derived from the great Norman powers that formed the monarchy – the Cross of Aquitaine and the Lions of Anjou. The three lions were first definitely used by Richard I (Richard the Lionheart) in the late 12th century (although it is also possible that Henry I may have bestowed it on his son Henry before then). Historian Simon Schama has argued that the Three Lions are the true symbol of England because the English throne descended down the Angevin line. A red cross acted as a symbol for many Crusaders in the 12th and 13th centuries. It became associated with St George and England, along with other countries and cities (such as Georgia, Milan and the Republic of Genoa), which claimed him as their patron saint and used his cross as a banner. It remained in national use until 1707, when the Union Flag (which English and Scottish ships had used at sea since 1606) was adopted for all purposes to unite the whole of Great Britain under a common flag. The flag of England no longer has much of an official role, but it is widely flown by Church of England properties and at sporting events. (Paradoxically, the latter is a fairly recent development; until the late 20th century, it was commonplace for fans of English teams to wave the Union Flag, rather than the St George's Cross). The rose is widely recognised as the national flower of England and is used in a variety of contexts. Predominantly, this is a red rose (which also symbolises Lancashire), such as the badge of the English Rugby Union team. However, a white rose (which also symbolises Yorkshire) or a "tudor rose" (symbolising the end of the War of the Roses) may also be used on different occasions. The Three Lions badge performs a similar role for the English national football team and English national cricket team.

National anthems

Although England does not have an official anthem of its own, the following are widely regarded as English national hymns:
- "Jerusalem:" Words by William Blake, Music by Hubert Parry
- "I Vow to Thee, My Country": Words by Cecil Spring-Rice, Music by Gustav Holst
- "Land of Hope and Glory": Words by A C Benson, Music by Edward Elgar (although this refers to all of Great Britain, not only England)
- "Nimrod": Music by Edward Elgar "God Save The Queen" (the national anthem for the UK as a whole) is usually played for English sporting events (e.g. football matches), although "Land of Hope and Glory" has also been used as the English anthem for the Commonwealth Games. "Rule Britannia" despite being a song about Britain as a whole was often used for the English national football team when they play against another of the home nations but more recently "God Save The Queen" has been used by both the rugby and football teams. Many believe that English teams should use their own anthems, most popular of which is the use of "Jerusalem".

References

- [http://www.statistics.gov.uk Office of National Statistics]

References

External links

- [http://www.enjoyengland.com/ The official website of the English Tourist Board — Enjoy England]
- [http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/state/nations/ BBC Nations]: articles on England and her neighbours Category:Monarchies Category:European countries als:England zh-min-nan:England ko:잉글랜드 ms:England ja:イングランド simple:England th:แคว้นอังกฤษ

River Goyt

. Grid reference: ]] The River Goyt is a river in Derbyshire in north-west England. It is one of the tributaries of the River Mersey. The Goyt rises on the moors of Axe Edge, near the River Dane and the Cat and Fiddle Inn. The area is known as the Upper Goyt Valley. It crosses the old Buxton/Macclesfield road at Derbyshire Bridge, which was the old boundary between Derbyshire and Cheshire. Then it reaches an old packhorse bridge which was moved when Errwood reservoir was built in the 1960s. Further downstream there is another reservoir, the Fernilee reservoir. The original line of the Cromford and High Peak Railway can be seen near this point. The Goyt then passes through Taxal, Whaley Bridge, New Mills and Marple Bridge before joining the River Tame at Stockport, and then becoming the river Mersey.

Axe Edge Moor

Axe Edge Moor is the major moorland, west of Buxton in the Peak District. It is mainly gritstone (Namurian shale and sandstone). Its highest point (551m) is at This is slightly lower than Shining Tor, (which is some 5km away to the north-west, across the modest dip of incipient Goyt Valley) The moor is the source of the River Dove, River Manifold, River Dane, River Wye and River Goyt. It boasts England's second highest public house (the Cat and Fiddle Inn). The moor is shared between the counties of Derbyshire, Staffordshire and Cheshire, which meet on its south-western flank at the Three Shire's Head on the Dane. The Axe Edge itself is on the south western edge, near the source of the Dove. Category:Hills of Cheshire Category:Mountains and hills of Derbyshire Category:Hills of Staffordshire Category:Mountains and hills of the Peak District

Congleton

Congleton is a town in the county of Cheshire in the north west of England, on the banks of the River Dane, and to the west of the Macclesfield Canal. It has a population (2001 Census) of 22,763. It is thought to have been a Roman settlement, and in 1272 it received its charter to hold fairs and markets. King Edward I granted permission to build a mill. Congleton became an important centre of textile production, especially lace and leather gloves. The neighbouring town of Buglawton was incorporated into Congleton borough in 1936. Since 1974 Congleton borough has covered much of south-east Cheshire. Congleton became notorious in the 1620s when bear-baiting was a popular sport. Congleton owned an old and rather decrepit bear and was unable to attract large crowds to their bear-baiting contests, but also lacked the money to pay for a new and more aggressive bear. It did however have a sum of money saved to buy a new bible. The town decided to use the money in the bible fund to pay for a new bear, and then replenished it with the income from the increased number of spectators. However, when the story was reported to neighbouring towns, it got corrupted and the legend grew that Congleton had sold its bible in order to buy a new bear. A song did the rounds of which the chorus ran: :The cheeses of Cheshire are famed, but beware :Of stories they tell of Congleton Rare :Congleton Rare, Congleton Rare :They sold the Church Bible to buy a new bear. From the time of this legend, Congleton has been nicknamed 'Beartown'. The principal industries in Congleton include the manufacture of airbags and golf-balls. There are light engineering factories near the town, and sand extraction occurs on the Cheshire plain. Category:Towns in Cheshire

Holmes Chapel

Known formerly as Church Hulme, Holmes Chapel is a village in central Cheshire, in Congleton borough. Population (2001 census): 5,669. It is located at the junction of the A50 and A54, close to the M6 motorway. According to the census, the village ranks as the 18th least deprived ward in the United Kingdom (out of 8,414). Holmes Chapel has rail links to Manchester and Crewe, making it a good base for commuting. The village secondary school opened in 1978. 2.5 miles (4km) east of the village of Holmes Chapel lies the Swettenham Meadows nature reserve.

External links

- [http://holmeschapelpc.tripod.com/ Holmes Chapel Parish Council]
- [http://www.holmeschapel.net/ Holmes Chapel Community Web Site]

Middlewich

Middlewich is a town in Cheshire, England. Middlewich lies on the confluence of a number of natural and man made features, the River Dane, River Croco and River Wheelock, the Shropshire Union Canal and Trent and Mersey Canal and the A533, A54 and A530. It is an important location for salt manufacture, and has also been known for Cheshire cheese. The parish church for Middlewich is St Michael and All Angels Church, which dates back to the 12th century.

History

Roman Origins

The town was founded by the Romans as Salinae on account of the salt deposits around it, as it was one of their major sites of salt production. A Roman Road, King Street (originally Kind Street, hence Kinderton, one of the Middlewich wards) runs between Middlewich and nearby Northwich.

Middle Ages

Victorian & Georgian Era

The 19th century saw the population fo Middlewich rise from 1190 in 1801, 1235 in 1851, until by the 1901 census it was 4669. Some of this rise is attributable to a number of parishes being combined, for example parts of [Newton] were added to Middlewich in 1894, with [Sutton] having previously been added to Newton is 1892. These parish names live on in road names in Middlewich, for example Newton Bank and Sutton Lane.

The inter- and post-War years

The period between the First and Second World Wars and following the Second World war saw extensive housebuilding within the town, with significant new houses being built in the King Street area to the north, Cledford to the south and the Nantwich Road/St. Annes Road region to the West. At the 1951 census the population had risen to 6736. The 1970's commenced with the building of a bypass, St. Michael's Way, to Wheelock Street, the main shopping street. As part of building this bypas the Talbot public house on the town bridge was demolished, along with a row of shops opposite the Boar's Head. This bypass has been successful in moving traffic away from the main shopping street, but the confluence of three major roads remains a bottleneck.

Present Day

Over the past 30 years Middlewich has seen a significant quantity of new housing development, taking its population from around 7,500 in 1970 to 13,170 in 2003. This development is still continuing, with its good road links via the M6 being a contributing factor.

Culture

Shopping

There are a number of shops on the shopping street of Wheelock Street, and on Lewin Street going out towards Sandbach. There is a Somerfields supermarket behind Wheelock Street, and also a Lidl supermarket near to the Cemetery on Chester Road. The main focus of the services sector within Middlewich is food outlets (especially take-aways) and public houses, most of them being situated near to the town centre (Wheelock Street) or along the banks of the Shropshire Union Canal.

Arts & Sport

Since 1990 there has been an annual folk and boat [http://www.middlewichfestival.org festival] in Middlewich. The 2005 Festival was held in the weekend of 17th-19th June. Many artists including Bellowhead and Tickled Pink appearing at venues throughout the town. Morris Dancing and Craft Stalls also featured. The boating festival centres on the Trent and Mersey Canal. The main venue where people and boats converge is at the Big Lock, which is a public house situated on the Shropshire Union canal, near to the Seddon street football pitch. There have also been a number of ad-hoc events, including the Middlewich Roman Festival in 2001. This Roman Festival led to a lottery grant which was converted into a supposed replica of a Roman Amphitheatre at the old Bull Ring near the St Michaels and All Angels church. This has regularly been used for other purposes, such as an open-air music stage and an ice-rink. There is a football club in Middlewich, Middlewich Town FC, formed from the old Middlewich Atheletic. Middlewich Town play at the Seddon Street pitch.

Media

Middlewich's weekly newspapers are the Middlewich Chronicle and the Middlewich Guardian.

Industry

Historically the main industry in Middlewich was salt, with a number of open pan works close to the Canal. However salt manufacture in Middlewich is now concentrated in one manufacturer, British Salt, who sell under the name Saxa. Salt manufacture can be traced back in Middlewich to before the Roman invasion of Britain, and has remained the principal industry for the past 2,000 years. Salt making is mentioned in the Domesday book, and by the 13th century there were approximately 100 "wich houses" packed around the towns two brine pits. By 1908 there were nine industrial scale salt manufacturers in the town.

Local Attractions

Apart from the Trent and Mersey and Shropshire Union canals, there is also the town church of St. Michaels and All Angels. Within the local area are the Jodrell Bank radio telescope and the Salt Museum in nearby Northwich.

Transport

A branch of the Shropshire Union Canal flows to the town, where it meets with the Trent and Mersey Canal. The town is also home to a third canal known as the Wardle canal which joins the Trent and Mersey to the Shropshire Union, it is the shortest canal in the UK. Middlewich lies on a railway branch line between Sandbach and Northwich, however the local station was closed to passenger traffic in 1959, and has now been demolished. Road links from Middlewich are good, with junction 18 of the M6 motorway within easy reach, and direct roads to Crewe, Nantwich, Northwich, Winsford and Sandbach.

External links

- [http://www.middlewichparishchurch.org.uk/index.html St Michael and All Angels Church, Middlewich]
- [http://www.bbc.co.uk/stoke/mytown/cheshire/middlewich/index.shtml Where I live (bbc website)]
- [http://www.knowhere.co.uk/4829.html Knowhere Guide to Middlewich]
- [http://easyweb.easynet.co.uk/jim.shead/Shropshire-Union---Middlewich-Branch.html Shropshire Union - Middlewich Branch]
- [http://www.carlscam.com/warmem/middlewich.htm War Memorial to the men of Middlewich who died in the two World Wars and Korea]
- [http://www.carlscam.com/warmem/middlewichw.htm War Memorial to men from the Brunner Mond Works, Middlewich, Cheshire who fell in the two World Wars]
- [http://www.roman-britain.org/places/salinae_cornoviorum.htm Salinae]
- [http://www.cheshirehistory.org.uk/Papers/Salt.htm#PART%20II Salt making towns in Cheshire] Category:Towns in Cheshire

Trent and Mersey Canal

The Trent and Mersey Canal is a canal linking the River Trent at Shardlow in Derbyshire to the River Mersey at Runcorn in Cheshire. It runs for 93.5 miles (140 km), providing a connection from north-west England to the East Midlands, and was opened in 1777. The idea of a canal connection from the Mersey to the Trent ("The Grand Trunk") came from canal engineer James Brindley. It was authorised by an Act of Parliament in 1766 and the first sod was cut by Josiah Wedgwood in July that year at Middleport. Less than eleven years later, the whole canal, including more than 70 locks and five tunnels, was open. A special feature on the Cheshire stretch of the canal is the Anderton Boat Lift, the world's first boat-lift. Until the construction of the Falkirk Wheel in Scotland, it was the only boat-lift in the United Kingdom. Another major feature is the Harecastle Tunnel, near Kidsgrove in north Staffordshire. There are actually two tunnels. The first tunnel, built by Brindley was 2880 yards (2633 m) long; barges were 'legged' through by men lying on their backs and pushing against the roof with their feet. This was a physically demanding and slow process and created major delays, so leading civil engineer Thomas Telford was commissioned to provide a second and wider, parallel tunnel, with a towpath. This 2926 yard (2676 m) long tunnel was opened in 1827. In the 1900s, the Brindley tunnel was closed due to severe subsidence, but the Telford Tunnel - although also prone to the same problems - remains in use, and is the fourth longest navigable canal tunnel in the UK. The canal passes through the city of Stoke-on-Trent, where it formed an integral part of the 1986 National Garden Festival, the Stoke-on-Trent Garden Festival. The canal's towpath forms a vital part of the city's National Cycle Network.

Northwich

Northwich is a town in Cheshire, England with a population of around 50,000. The area around it has been exploited for its salt pans since the Roman period, when the settlement was known as Condate. Brine is now pumped from under the town to the Wirral. The town's historical links with the salt industry is celebrated in its Salt Museum which is today located in the town's old workhouse. It was in 1874 that John Brunner and Ludwig Mond and started manufacturing soda ash using the solvay ammonia-soda process in Winnington. This process used salt as a main raw material, Brunner Mond later amalgated with three other chemical companies in 1926 to form Imperial Chemical Industries, better known as ICI, which was for many years one of Europe's leading chemical companies in both chemical production and research. By removing underground salt, the salt industry caused huge areas of subsidence, and this allegedly accounts for many old timber-framed houses in the town centre, which were better able to withstand the movement of the ground. Some houses were built on a base of steel girders which could be jacked up to level the house with each change in the underlying ground. Two rivers meet in the town centre, the Weaver and the Dane. A floating hotel is moored near the confluence. Two swing bridges, Hayhurst Bridge and Town Bridge, cross the Weaver at Northwich and are believed to be the first electrically powered swing bridges in Britain, built on floating pontoons. Northwich is the home of two non-league football teams, Northwich Victoria and Witton Albion, and Rugby Union side Winnington Park. It also has a rich musical history, with a number of locals being part of bands such as Placebo and the Fast Food Rockers. Most notable however are the Charlatans, who've had consistent chart success for 14 years and formed in Northwich. The Weaver View cafe in the town centre was used on the front of their 1999 singles compilation "Melting Pot" and Pickmere lake features on the cover of their newest album "Up At The Lake". The Local Government Act 1972 replaced The Urban District Council of Northwich with a new district (now borough) council, Vale Royal. Vale Royal covers areas previously covered by Northwich UDC (Urban District Council), Northwich RDC (Rural District Council), Winsford UDC and parts of Runcorn RDC. Northwich Town Council now has the powers of a parish council. The 'Vision for Northwich' plans to develop the town, however, this plan has been delayed due to the increasing risk of subsidence. To combat this, the old salt mines are being filled with pulverised fuel ash with daily deliveries by rail to Brunner Mond. The vision, if completed, will see the old concrete County Council buildings and Magistrates Court demolished and replaced with more modern buildings. New housing developments continue to appear around Northwich, often with the demolition of recreational facilities, which Northwich has very few of. A few years ago, the Drill Field, the world's oldest football ground was demolished to make way for more houses.

Famous Northwichians

All of the following allegedly either are from or lived in Northwich at somewhere in their lives:
- Tim Burgess of The Charlatans
- Paula Radcliffe, Marathon Runner
- Matthew Kelly, TV Presenter
- Adam Rickett, Former Coronation Street Actor
- Pete Waterman, Record Producer and Pop Idol Judge
- Gary Barlow, Former Take That Singer
- Stuart Nield, Horror Author
- Bob Carolgees, Former Kids TV Presenter
- Jennifer Saunders, Comidienne
- Mike Whitlow, Former Leeds United & Leicester City Defender
- Michael Oakes, Former Aston Villa Goalkeeper
- Dean Saunders, Former Aston Villa & Wales Striker
- Tony Dorigo, Former Leeds United & England Defender
- Sue Townsend, Author
- Steve Hewitt of Placebo
- Lucy Meggett of The Fast Food Rockers
- Tim Kash, MTV Presenter
- Neil Hamilton & Christine Hamilton, The former was MP for Tatton, the latter a TV "personality"
- Dewi Morris, Former England Rugby Union Player

External links

- [http://www.saltmuseum.org.uk/ The Salt Museum]
- [http://www.valeroyal.gov.uk/ Local Council]
- [http://www.brunnermond.com/who/history.htm/ Brunner Mond] Category:Towns in Cheshire

River Weaver

The River Weaver is a watercourse running a curving route anti-clockwise across west Cheshire, England. From its source in the hills of west Cheshire near Peckforton Castle, it initially flows in a south-easterly direction towards the border with Shropshire, fed by tributaries some of which rise in north Shropshire. Just south of the Cheshire village of Audlem, the river then starts to flow approximately northwards across the Cheshire Plain, and today empties into the Manchester Ship Canal at Weston Point Docks, Runcorn (it previously flowed into the River Mersey). From the Peckforton Hills, the Weaver flows through the village of Wrenbury, and then passes to the west of Audlem. The first significant town on the river is the small market town of Nantwich. Further north, it passes through Winsford. The 21-mile-long stretch north from Winsford Bridge is navigable (Acts of Parliament dating back to 1721 were introduced to allow the river to be 'canalised' to carry freight, including salt and chemicals). This Weaver Navigation stretch includes the town of Northwich. Perhaps its most notable feature is the Anderton Boat Lift (1875), near Northwich, which links the Weaver with the Trent and Mersey Canal some 50ft above. From Northwich, the Weaver flows north-west across north Cheshire, passing between Frodsham and Sutton Weaver before reaching the Manchester Ship Canal. Between 1807 and 1810, a short section of canal, the Weston Canal, was constructed in parallel to, and fed by, the Weaver, leading from Frodsham to Weston Point Docks. Rowing is popular on the River Weaver, with competitive clubs based in Runcorn, Northwich, and Acton Bridge (The Grange School).

Category:Rivers in Staffordshire

Category:Staffordshire Staffordshire

Dow Jones Index

Der Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA) - oder in Europa auch kurz Dow Jones Index genannt - ist einer von mehreren Aktienindizes, welche vom Gründer des Wall Street Journals und der Firma Dow Jones, Charles Henry Dow (1851 - 1902), sowie vom Statistiker Edward David Jones (1856 - 1920) geschaffen wurden. Charles Dow stellte den Index zusammen, um die Performance des US-amerikanischen Aktienmarktes zu messen. Der Dow Jones Index ist der älteste noch bestehende Aktienindex der USA und setzt sich heute aus 30 der größten US-Unternehmen zusammen.

Geschichte

Der Dow Jones Index wurde erstmals am 26. Mai 1896 publiziert. Er bestand damals aus zwölf Aktienwerten. Von diesen zwölf Werten befindet sich nur General Electric heute noch im Index, mit einer Unterbrechung von 1898 bis 1907. Die anderen elf Aktienwerte waren:
- American Cotton Oil Company, Vorgänger von Bestfoods, heute Teil von Unilever
- American Sugar Company, heute Amstar Holdings
- American Tobacco Company, existierte bis 1911
- Chicago Gas Company, heute Peoples Energy Corporation
- Distilling & Cattle Feeding Company, heute Millennium Chemicals
- Laclede Gas Light Company, heißt heute The Laclede Group
- National Lead Company, heißt heute NL Industries
- North American Company, existierte bis in die 1940er Jahre
- Tennessee Coal, Iron and Railroad Company, wurde von 1907 von U.S. Steel gekauft
- U.S. Leather Company, 1952 aufgelöst
- U.S. Rubber Company, wurde 1990 von Michelin aufgekauft Als der Index zum ersten Mal veröffentlicht wurde, stand er bei 40,94 Punkten. 1916 wurde die Anzahl der Aktienwerte auf 20 und 1928 schließlich auf 30 erhöht. Am 14. November 1972 erreicht der Dow Jones Index den Wert von 1.000 Punkten. In den 1980er und den 1990er stieg der Index rasant an. Am 21. November 1995 erreichte er 5.000 Punkte und am 29. März 1999 den Wert von 10.000 Punkten. Der höchste Wert bisher wurde am 14. Januar 2000 mit 11.722,98 Punkten erreicht. Am 9. Oktober 2002 stand der Dow Jones Index bei 7.286,27 Punkten, sein niedrigster Wert seit Oktober 1997. Ende 2003 erreichte er aber wieder einen Wert von über 10.000 Punkten. Der bisher schlimmste Sturz an einem Tag war der Schwarze Montag im Jahr 1987, als der Wert des Index um 22,6% fiel.

Die Dow-Jones-Index-Aktienwerte

Der Index setzt sich aus den folgenden 30 Aktienwerten zusammen:
- 3M
- Alcoa
- Altria Group
- American International Group
- American Express
- Boeing
- Caterpillar Inc.
- Citigroup
- Coca-Cola Co.
- DuPont
- Exxon Mobil Corp.
- General Electric
- General Motors
- Hewlett-Packard
- Home Depot
- Honeywell International
- Intel Corp.
- International Business Machines
- J.P. Morgan Chase & Co.
- Johnson & Johnson Corporation
- McDonald's Corporation
- Merck and Company
- Microsoft Corporation
- Pfizer
- Procter & Gamble
- SBC Communications
- United Technologies
- Verizon
- Wal-Mart Stores Inc.
- The Walt Disney Company

Weblinks

- [http://www.dowjones.com/ Dow Jones Website]
- [http://www.mdleasing.com/djia.htm Geschichte des Dow Jones Industrial Average] Kategorie:Finanzindex ja:ダウ平均株価

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River Dane

Cheshire

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England

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References

See also

References

External links

River Goyt

See also

Axe Edge Moor

Congleton

Holmes Chapel

External links

Middlewich

History

Roman Origins

Middle Ages

Victorian & Georgian Era

The inter- and post-War years

Present Day

Culture

Shopping

Arts & Sport

Media

Industry

Local Attractions

Transport

Further Reading

External links

Trent and Mersey Canal

See also

Northwich

Famous Northwichians

External links

River Weaver

See also

Category:Rivers in Staffordshire

Dow Jones Index

Geschichte

Die Dow-Jones-Index-Aktienwerte

Weblinks