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Sandro Pertini

Sandro Pertini

Alessandro (Sandro) Pertini (September 25, 1896 - February 24, 1990) was an Italian politician and arguably the most popular President of the Italian Republic ever, along with Carlo Azeglio Ciampi. Born in Stella (Province of Savona) as the son of a well to do landowner, Alberto, he studied at a Salesian college in Varazze and did his high school studies at the "Chiabrera" liceo in Savona. His philosophy teacher was Adelchi Baratono, a socialist reformist who contributed to his approach to socialism probably introduced him to the circles of ligurian working movements. Pertini obtained a law degree from the university of Genova. He was not an intervenist during World War I, but he participated as lieutenant and gained some medals as he fought bravely and courageously. In 1918 he joined the PSU (Unitarian Socialist Party), then he established in Florence where he also graduated in political science with a thesis entitled La Cooperazione (Cooperation) in 1924. There he also got into touch with people like Gaetano Salvemini, Rosselli brothers, Ernesto Rossi. Pertini was beaten by Fascist squads on several occasion, but never lost faith in his ideals. After Giacomo Matteotti's assassination in Rome, he enhanced his struggle against fascism. In 1926 he was condemmned to internment but he succeeded in hiding. Later he organized and accompanied the escape to France of Filippo Turati, who was a prominent socialist. Pertini remained there up to 1926 working as a mason. On his return to Italy he was arrested in Pisa and sentenced to ten years of imprisonment. In 1935 he was interned in Ponza, an island in the Tyrrhenian Sea, where he remained up to 1943, suffering from severe disease — while never applying for mercy — a month after Mussolini's arrest. Once freed, he plunged into the struggle against the Germans, who had invaded Italy in the meantime. Arrested by the Nazis, he was sentenced to death but freed by a partisan blitz. Meanwhile Mussolini had created the RSI (Italian Social Republic) in Northern Italy, where Nazi oppression was prominent. Pertini went north to organize partisan war as a directive member of PSU. After April 25, 1945 (the end of the war in Italy) he was elected to the first parliament of the Italian Republic(the parliament which created the modern Italian constitution and thus was called La Costituente). In the postwar era he was a prominent member of the directive board of PSU-PSI. In spite of his feeling toward the Communist party, Pertini was ever jealous of independence of PSU. He criticized any kind of colonialism as well as any kind of corruption in the Italian State and within the socialist party, where he kept an independent political position. He was appointed president of the Camera dei Deputati (one of the two Chambers of Parliament) in 1968 and in 1978 President of the Italian Republic]], the highest office in the Republic. As President he succeeded in regaining the trust of Italians towards the State and institutions. During the BR terrorism period of anni di piombo (years of lead) Pertini was a strong defender of the institutions he represented. His death in Rome left a big void in the heart of many Italians as he was well loved by the whole population who admired him for his moral texture and outspoken way of treating both moral as well as political questions. According to the 1983 Guinness World Records, he was the world's oldest President. For all his accomplishments, he will always be remembered as the president who attended soccer's World Cup Final in Spain in 1982 between the italians and Germany. After Italy scored its 3rd goal, he waved his finger to either the German delegation or the Spanish king, seemingly saying that "no one is going to catch us now".

External link


- [http://www.pertini.it/eng_bio.htm A biography of Pertini from the Associazione Nazionale Sandro Pertini] Pertini, Sandro Pertini, Sandro Pertini, Sandro Pertini, Sandro Pertini, Sandro ja:アレッサンドロ・ペルティーニ

September 25

September 25 is the 268th day of the year (269th in leap years). There are 97 days remaining.

Events


- 275 - M. Claudius Tacitus is appointed Roman emperor by the senate
- 303 - On a voyage preaching the gospel, Saint Fermin of Pamplona is beheaded in Amiens, France.
- 1066 - The Battle of Stamford Bridge marks the end of the Viking era.
- 1396 - Ottoman Emperor Beyazid I defeats a Christian army at the Battle of Nicopolis.
- 1513 - Spanish explorer Vasco Núñez de Balboa reached the Pacific Ocean.
- 1555 - The Peace of Augsburg is signed in Augsburg by Charles V and the princes of the Schmalkaldic League.
- 1690 - "Publick Occurrences Both Foreign and Domestick", the first newspaper published in the Americas, published for the first and only time.
- 1789 - The Congressional Apportionment Amendment to the United States Constitution is proposed at the U.S. Congress.
- 1804 - The Teton Sioux (a subdivison of the Lakota) demand one of the boats from the Corps of Discovery as a toll for moving further upriver.
- 1846 - U.S. forces led by Zachary Taylor captured the Mexican city of Monterrey.
- 1890 - Yosemite National Park established in California.
- 1912 - Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism is founded in New York,_New York.
- 1929 - Jimmy Doolittle performs the first blind flight from General Mitchell leading to the development of Instrument Flying.
- 1955 - The Royal Jordanian Air Force is founded.
- 1959 - Solomon Bandaranaike, prime minister of Sri Lanka is assassinated by a Buddhist monk, Talduwe Somarama, and dies the next day.
- 1957 - Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas, is integrated through the use of United States Army troops.
- 1962 - The People's Democratic Republic of Algeria is formally proclaimed. Ferhat Abbas is elected President of the provisional government.
- 1972 - In the Norwegian EC referendum, 1972, the people of Norway reject membership.
- 1978 - PSA Flight 182, a Boeing 727-214, collides in mid-air with a Cessna 172 and crashes in San Diego, California, resulting in the deaths of 144 people.
- 1980 - The first congress of the Democratic Youth Organization of Afghanistan held in Kabul.
- 1981 - Sandra Day O'Connor was the 102nd Justice sworn in as an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States, the first woman to hold the office.
- 1996 - The last of the Magdalen Asylums was closed in Ireland.
- 1998 - A Pauknair BAE146 crashes into hillside in Morocco killing 38.
- 2002 - The Vitim event, a possible bolide impact in Siberia, Russia.
- 2003 - A magnitude-8.0 earthquake strikes just offshore of Hokkaido, Japan.
- 2005 - Fernando Alonso wins his first Formula 1 World Drivers Championship by finishing 3rd in the Brazilian Grand Prix.
- 2005 - Pinoy Big Brother suspended from Filipino television for broadcasting scenes of a sexual nature by the Filipino television council.

Births


- 1358 - Ashikaga Yoshimitsu, Japanese shogun (b. 1408)
- 1525 - Steven Borough, English explorer (d. 1584)
- 1599 - Francesco Borromini, Swiss sculptor (d. 1667)
- 1644 - Ole Rømer, Danish astronomer (d. 1710)
- 1683 - Jean-Philippe Rameau, French composer (d. 1764)
- 1694 - Henry Pelham, Prime Minister of Great Britain (d. 1754)
- 1711 - Qianlong Emperor of China (d. 1799)
- 1725 - Nicolas Joseph Cugnot, French automobile pioneer (d. 1804)
- 1738 - Nicholas Van Dyke, American lawyer and President of Delaware (d. 1789)
- 1764 - Fletcher Christian, English Bounty mutineer (d. 1793)
- 1773 - Agostino Bassi, Italian entomologist (d. 1856)
- 1782 - Charles Robert Maturin, Irish playwright and novelist (d. 1824)
- 1796 - Antoine-Louis Barye, French sculptor (d. 1875)
- 1862 - Billy Hughes, seventh Prime Minister of Australia (d. 1952)
- 1866 - Thomas Morgan, American geneticist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1945)
- 1881 - Lu Xun, Chinese writer (d. 1936)
- 1896 - Sandro Pertini, President of the Italian Republic (d. 1990)
- 1897 - William Faulkner, American writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1962)
- 1898 - Robert Brackman American artist (d. 1980)
- 1903 - Mark Rothko, Latvian-born painter (d. 1970)
- 1906 - Dmitri Shostakovich, Russian composer (d. 1975)
- 1917 - Johnny Sain, baseball player
- 1918 - Phil Rizzuto, baseball player and announcer
- 1920 - Sergei Bondarchuk, Ukrainian-born actor (d. 1994)
- 1921 - Sir Robert Muldoon, Prime Minister of New Zealand (d. 1992)
- 1922 - Hammer DeRoburt, first President of Nauru (d. 1992)
- 1926 - Aldo Ray, American actor (d. 1991)
- 1927 - Sir Colin Davis, English conductor
- 1929 - Ronnie Barker, British comedian and actor (d. 2005)
- 1930 - Shel Silverstein, American humorist and author (d. 1999)
- 1931 - Barbara Walters, American broadcaster
- 1932 - Glenn Gould, Canadian pianist and composer (d. 1982)
- 1932 - Adolfo Suárez, Prime Minister of Spain
- 1933 - Hubie Brown, American basketball coach and broadcaster
- 1936 - Juliet Prowse, British actress and dancer (d. 1996)
- 1938 - Jonathan Motzfeldt, first Prime Minister of Greenland
- 1943 - Robert Gates, American director of the Central Intelligence Agency
- 1944 - Michael Douglas, American actor and producer
- 1944 - Doris Matsui, U.S. Congresswoman from California
- 1946 - Felicity Kendal, British actress
- 1947 - Cheryl Tiegs, American model
- 1947 - Russ Abbott, British actor and singer
- 1951 - Mark Hamill, American actor
- 1952 - Christopher Reeve, American actor and activist (d. 2004)
- 1952 - Anson Williams, American actor and director
- 1958 - Michael Madsen, American actor
- 1961 - Heather Locklear, American actress and model
- 1962 - Aida Turturro, American actress
- 1965 - Scottie Pippen, American basketball player
- 1968 - Will Smith, American actor and rapper
- 1969 - Hansie Cronje, South African cricketer
- 1969 - Catherine Zeta-Jones, Welsh actress
- 1970 - Dean Ween, American musician (Ween)
- 1971 - John Lynch, American football player
- 1971 - Hal Sparks, American actor
- 1975 - Declan Donnelly, English television presenter
- 1975 - Matt Hasselbeck, American football player
- 1976 - Chauncey Billups, American basketball player
- 1978 - Ricardo Gardner, Jamaican footballer
- 1978 - Jodie Kidd, English model

Deaths


- 1066 - Killed at the Battle of Stamford Bridge:
  - Tostig Godwinson, Earl of Northumbria
  - Harald III of Norway (b. 1015)
- 1086 - William VIII, Duke of Aquitaine (b. 1025)
- 1333 - Prince Morikuni, Japanese shogun (b. 1301)
- 1496 - Piero Capponi, Italian soldier and statesman (b. 1447)
- 1506 - King Philip I of Castile (b. 1478)
- 1534 - Pope Clement VII (b. 1478)
- 1536 - Johannes Secundus, Dutch poet (b. 1511)
- 1602 - Caspar Peucer, German reformer (b. 1525)
- 1617 - Emperor Go-Yozei of Japan, (b. 1617)
- 1626 - Lancelot Andrewes, English scholar and Bishop of the Church of England (b. 1555)
- 1630 - Ambrosio Spinola, marqués de los Balbases, Spanish general (b. 1569)
- 1665 - Maria Anna of Austria (b. 1610)
- 1703 - Archibald Campbell, 1st Duke of Argyll, Scottish privy councillor (b. 1658)
- 1774 - John Bradstreet, Canadian-born soldier (b. 1714)
- 1791 - William Bradford, American printer (b. 1719)
- 1792 - Adam Gottlob Moltke, Danish statesman (b. 1710)
- 1794 - Paul Rabaut, French Huguenot pastor (b. 1718)
- 1825 - Joachim Heer, Swiss politician (b. 1879)
- 1849 - Johann Strauss, Senior, Austrian composer (b. 1804)
- 1867 - Oliver Loving, American pioneer rancher (b. 1812)
- 1905 - Jacques Marie Eugène Godefroy Cavaignac, French politician (b. 1853)
- 1970 - Erich Maria Remarque, German author (b. 1898)
- 1979 - Tapio Rautavaara, Finniah athlete, actor, and singer (b. 1915)
- 1980 - John Bonham, British drummer (Led Zeppelin) (b. 1948)
- 1980 - Lewis Milestone, Moldovan film director (b. 1895)
- 1980 - Marie Under, Estonian author and poet (b. 1883)
- 1983 - King Léopold III of Belgium (b. 1901)
- 1984 - Walter Pidgeon, Canadian actor (b. 1897)
- 1986 - Nikolay Nikolayevich Semyonov, Russian chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1896)
- 1987 - Mary Astor, American actress (b. 1906)
- 1987 - Emlyn Williams, Welsh actor (b. 1905)
- 1996 - Nicu Ceauşescu, Romanian politician (b. 1951)
- 1997 - Jean Françaix, French composer (b. 1912)
- 1999 - Marion Zimmer Bradley, American writer (b. 1930)
- 2000 - R. S. Thomas, Welsh poet (b. 1913)
- 2003 - Aquila al-Hashimi, Iraqi politician
- 2003 - Herb Gardner, American playwright (b. 1934)
- 2003 - Franco Modigliani, Italian-born economist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1918)
- 2003 - George Plimpton, American writer and actor (b. 1927)
- 2005 - Don Adams, American actor (b. 1923)
- 2005 - George Archer, American golfer (b. 1939)
- 2005 - M. Scott Peck, American psychiatrist and writer (b. 1936)
- 2005 - Friedrich Peter, Austrian poltitician (b. 1921)

Holidays and observances


- R.C. Saints - Virgin of Fuencisla; Saint Finbarr Also see September 25 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
- Mozambique - Armed Forces Day

External links


- [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/september/25 BBC: On This Day] ---- September 24 · September 26 · August 25 · October 25 · more historical anniversaries ko:9월 25일 ja:9月25日 simple:September 25 th:25 กันยายน

1896

1896 was a leap year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar).

Events

January - April


- January 4 - Utah is admitted as the 45th U.S. state.
- January 5 - An Austrian newspaper reports that Wilhelm Röntgen discovered a type of radiation later known as X-rays.
- January 12 - H.L. Smith takes the first X-ray photograph.
- January 18 - The X-ray machine is exhibited for the first time.
- February 1 - The opera La bohème premieres (Turin).
- February 1 - Walter Arnold, of Kent, England, is fined for speeding in excess of the contemporary speed limit of 2 mph
- February 11 - Oscar Wilde's play Salomé premieres in Paris.
- March 1 - With the Battle of Adowa, Ethiopia defends its independence from Italy.
- April 3 - First edition of Italian sports newspaper La Gazzetta dello Sport is published.
- April 6 - Opening ceremonies of the 1896 Summer Olympics, the first modern Olympic Games.

May - August


- May 8 - Cricket: Against Warwickshire, Yorkshire sets a still-standing County Championship record when they accumulate an innings total of 887.
- May 18 - The U.S. Supreme Court rules in Plessy v Ferguson, introducing the "separate but equal" doctrine.
- May 26 - Charles Dow publishes the first edition of the Dow Jones Industrial Average.
- May 27 - The costliest and third deadliest tornado in U.S. history levels a mile wide swath of downtown St. Louis, Missouri, incurring $2.9 billion (1997 USD) in damages, killing more than 255 and injuring over 1,000 people.
- June 12 - J.T. Hearne sets a record for the earliest date of taking 100 wickets. It is equalled by Charlie Parker in 1931.
- June 15 - ? Earthquake and tsunami in Sanriku, Japan, kills 27.000
- July 9 - William Jennings Bryan delivers his Cross of gold speech.
- July 11 - Wilfrid Laurier becomes Canada's seventh prime minister.
- August 16 - Skookum Jim Mason, George Carmack and Dawson Charlie discover gold in the Klondike.
- August 27 - The shortest war in the world - 9.02 - 9.40 between Britain and Zanzibar

September - December


- October 3 - Dalton brothers try to rob two banks but only Emmet Dalton survives the shootout
- October 5 - After a long siege, Brazilian government troops take Canudos in north Brazil, crushing Antonio Conselheiro and his followers
- November - William McKinley defeats William Jennings Bryan in the U.S. presidential election.
- November 6 - Hale Johnson runs as vice-presidential candidate for Prohibition Party.
- November 16 - Cherry Sisters perform in Olympia Music Hall in New York City. At first audience is stunned but then begins to answer with catcalls...
- December 30 - Jose Rizal, Filipino scholar and poet, executed in the Philippines

Unknown dates


- Nepalese archaeologists rediscover the great stone pillar of Ashoka at Lumbini, using Fa Xian's records.
- Pontifical University of Maynooth is established by decree of the Vatican
- France establishes an administrative post in Abengourou, Côte d'Ivoire.
- Formation of the New York Telephone Company
- The great Realignment of the Republican Party of the United States of America

Births


- January 2 - Dziga Vertov, Russian filmmaker (d. 1954)
- January 4 - Everett Dirksen, American politician (d. 1969)
- January 4 - André Masson, French artist (d. 1987)
- January 12 - Rex Ingram, Irish director and actor (d. 1950)
- January 14 - Martin Niemöller, German theologian and pacifist (d. 1984)
- January 14 - John Dos Passos, American author (d. 1970)
- January 20 - George Burns, American comedian (d. 1996)
- January 23 - Charlotte, Grand Duchess of Luxembourg (d. 1985)
- February 18 - André Breton, French writer (d. 1966)
- February 28 - Philip Showalter Hench, Americah physician, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1965)
- February 29 - Morarji Desai, Indian politician (d. 1995)
- March 1 - Dimitri Mitropoulos, Greek conductor, pianist, and composer (d. 1960)
- March 20 - Wilfrid Reid "Wop" May, Canadian World War I pilot (d. 1952)
- March 29 - Wilhelm Ackermann, German mathematician (d. 1962)
- April 15 - Nikolay Nikolayevich Semyonov, Russian chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1986)
- April 30 - Gary Davis, American musician (d. 1972)
- May 30 - Howard Hawks, American director (d. 1977)
- June 7 - Robert S. Mulliken, American chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1986)
- June 7 - Douglas Campbell, American World War I flying ace (d. 1990)
- June 19 - Wallis Simpson, Duchess of Windsor (d. 1986)
- July 2 - Quirino Cristiani, Argentine animated film director (d. 1984)
- July 16 - Trygve Lie, first United Nations Secretary General (d. 1968)
- August 9 - Jean Piaget, Swiss psychologist (d. 1980)
- August 15 - Gerty Cori, Austrian-born biochemist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1957)
- August 18 - Jack Pickford, American actor (d. 1933)
- August 30 - Raymond Massey, Canadian-born actor (d. 1983)
- September 24 - F. Scott Fitzgerald, American writer (d. 1940)
- October 1 - Liaquat Ali Khan, first Prime Minister of Pakistan (d. 1951)
- October 12 - Eugenio Montale, Italian writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1981)
- October 28 - Howard Hanson, American composer (d. 1981)
- October 31 - Ethel Waters, American singer and actress (d. 1977)
- November 8 - Bucky Harris, baseball player (d. 1977)
- November 10 - Jimmy Dykes, baseball player and manager (d. 1976)
- November 13 - Nobusuke Kishi, Prime Minister of Japan (d. 1987)
- November 14 - Mamie Eisenhower, First Lady of the United States of America (d. 1979)
- November 16 - Oswald Mosley, leader of the British Union of Fascists (d. 1980)
- November 17 - Lev Vygotsky, Russian psychologist (d. 1934)
- December 5 - Carl Ferdinand Cori, Austrian-born biochemist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1984)
- December 6 - Ira Gershwin, American lyricist (d. 1983)
- December 14 - Jimmy Doolittle, American World War II general (d. 1993)
- December 21 - Leroy Robertson, American composer (d. 1971)

Deaths


- January 4 - Joseph Hubert Reinkens, German Old Catholic bishop (b. 1821)
- January 8 - Paul Verlaine, French lyric poet (b. 1844)
- April 30 - Hamilton Disston, Floridan developer (b. 1844)
- May 20 - Clara Schumann, German composer (b. 1819)
- August 10 - Otto Lilienthal, German aviation pioneer (b. 1848)
- August 17 - Bridget Driscoll, world's first automobile fatality
- October 11 - Anton Bruckner, Austrian composer (b. 1824)
- October 11 - Edward White Benson, Archbishop of Canterbury (b. 1829)
- October 23 - ? Columbus Delano, American statesman (b. 1809)
- December 10 - Alfred Nobel, Swedish inventor of dynamite and creator of the Nobel Prize (b. 1833)
- December 30 - José Rizal, national hero of the Philippines (b. 1861)

Marriages


- February 20 - W.W. Denslow & Ann Waters Holden
- April 6 - Benjamin Harrison & Mary Scott Lord Dimmick
- April 8 - Jeanne Calment & Fernand Calment
- June 5 - Valborg Borchsenius & Johannes Norden Guldbrandsen
- June 26 - Jennette Lee & Gerald Stanley Lee
- July 22 - Queen Maud & King Haakon VII
- September 1 - W.S. Weatherwax & Anna L. Wallis
- October 15 - Lewis J. Selznick & Florence Flossie Sachs
- October 24 - King Victor Emmanuel III & Helen Petrovic-Njegos
- October 26 - Charles Fort & Anna Filing
- November 4 - Roberto Vittiglio & Wilhelmine Westphal
- December 1 - Neel Doff & Fernand Brouez Category:1896 ko:1896년 simple:1896 th:พ.ศ. 2439

February 24

February 24 is the 55th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. There are 310 days remaining, 311 in leap years. By Roman custom February 24 is the day added to a leap year, and the occurrence of February 29 is merely a consequence of this.

Events


- 303 - Galerius, Roman Emperor, publishes his edict that begins the persecution of Christians in his portion of the Empire.
- 1582 - Pope Gregory XIII announces the Gregorian calendar.
- 1711 - The London premiere of Rinaldo by George Friderich Handel, the first Italian opera written for the London stage.
- 1739 - Battle of Karnal: The army of Iranian ruler Nadir Shah defeats the forces of the Mughal emperor of India, Muhammad Shah
- 1803 - The Supreme Court of the United States, in Marbury v. Madison, establishes the principle of judicial review.
- 1804 - London's Drury Lane Theatre burns to the ground, leaving owner Richard Brinsley Sheridan destitute,
- 1826 - The signing of the Treaty of Yandaboo marks the end of the First Burmese War.
- 1831 - The Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek, the first removal treaty in accordance with the Indian Removal Act, is proclaimed. The Choctaws in Mississippi cede land east of the river in exchange for payment and land in the West.
- 1839 - William Otis receives a patent for the steam shovel.
- 1848 - King Louis-Philippe of France abdicates the throne.
- 1863 - Arizona is organized as a United States territory.
- 1868 - The first parade to have floats is staged at Mardi Gras in New Orleans, Louisiana.
- 1868 - Andrew Johnson becomes the first President of the United States to be impeached by the United States House of Representatives. He is later acquitted.
- 1881 - China and Russia sign the Sino-Russian Ili Treaty
- 1899 - Western Washington University Established.
- 1909 - The Hudson Motor Car Company is founded.
- 1917 - World War I: The U.S. ambassador to the United Kingdom is given the Zimmermann Telegram, in which Germany pledges to ensure the return of New Mexico, Texas, and Arizona to Mexico if that country declares war on the United States.
- 1918 - Estonia is independent from Imperial Russia.
- 1925 - A thermite (magnesium) bomb is used for the first time to break up a 250,000-ton ice jam clogging the St. Lawrence River near Waddington, New York.
- 1938 - A nylon bristle toothbrush becomes the first commercial product (DuPont) to be made with nylon yarn.
- 1942 - Propaganda: The Voice of America begins broadcasting.
- 1945 - Egyptian Premier Ahmed Maher Pasha is killed in Parliament after reading a decree.
- 1946 - Juan Perón is elected president of Argentina.
- 1948 - Cold War: The Communist Party seizes control of Czechoslovakia.
- 1968 - Vietnam War: The Tet Offensive is halted; South Vietnam recaptures Hué.
- 1970 - National Public Radio is founded.
- 1975 - Hard rock band Led Zeppelin release the classic double album Physical Graffiti.
- 1976 - Cuba : national Constitution proclaimed
- 1981 - Buckingham Palace announces the engagement of The Prince of Wales and Lady Diana Spencer.
- 1981 - Jean Harris is convicted of murdering Dr. Herman Tarnower, the author of the bestselling The Complete Scarsdale Medical Diet.
- 1983 - A special commission of the U.S. Congress releases a report that condemns the practice of Japanese internment during World War II.
- 1988 - The Supreme Court of the United States sides with Larry Flynt's Hustler magazine by overturning a lower court decision to award Jerry Falwell $200,000 for defamation.
- 1989 - Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini offers a USD $3 million bounty for the death of The Satanic Verses author Salman Rushdie.
- 1989 - United Airlines Flight 811, bound forNew Zealand from Honolulu, Hawaii, rips open during flight, sucking 9 passengers out of the business-class section.
- 1992 - Nirvana singer Kurt Cobain marries Courtney Love.
- 1995 - The Corona reconnaissance satellite program, in existence from 1959 to 1972, is declassified.
- 1996 - The last occurrence of February 24 as a leap day in the European Union and for the Roman Catholic Church.
- 1999 - The State of Arizona executes Karl LaGrand, a German national involved in an armed robbery, in spite of Germany's legal action to attempt to save him.
- 1999 - A China Southern Airlines Tupolev TU-154 airliner crashes on approach to Wenzhou airport in eastern China killing 61.
- 2002 - 2002 Winter Olympic Games in Salt Lake City, Utah ends.

Births


- 1103 - Emperor Toba of Japan (d. 1156)
- 1304 - Ibn Battuta, explorer
- 1463 - Giovanni Pico della Mirandola, Italian humanist (d. 1494)
- 1500 - Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor (d. 1558)
- 1547 - Don John of Austria, military leader (d. 1578)
- 1557 - Mathias, Holy Roman Emperor (d. 1619)
- 1597 - Vincent Voiture, French poet (d. 1648)
- 1619 - Charles Le Brun, French artist (d. 1690)
- 1622 - Johannes Clauberg, German theologian and philosopher (d. 1665)
- 1684 - Matthias Braun, Czech sculptor (d. 1738)
- 1693 - James Quin, English actor (d. 1766)
- 1709 - Jacques de Vaucanson, French inventor (d. 1782)
- 1723 - John Burgoyne, British general (d. 1792)
- 1774 - Prince Adolphus, 1st Duke of Cambridge (d. 1850)
- 1786 - Wilhelm Grimm, German philologist and folklorist (d. 1859)
- 1836 - Winslow Homer, American artist (d. 1910)
- 1842 - Arrigo Boito, Italian composer (d. 1918)
- 1846 - Luigi Denza, Italian composer (d. 1922)
- 1848 - Andrew Inglis Clark, Tasmanian politician (d. 1907)
- 1852 - George Moore, English writer (d. 1933)
- 1874 - Honus Wagner, baseball player (d. 1955)
- 1877 - Ettie Rout, New Zealand activist (b. 1936)
- 1885 - Chester Nimitz, U.S. admiral (d. 1966)
- 1885 - Stanisław Ignacy Witkiewicz, Polish writer and painter (d. 1939)
- 1890 - Marjorie Main, American actress (d. 1975)
- 1909 - August Derleth, American writer (d. 1971)
- 1914 - Zachary Scott, American actor (d. 1965)
- 1921 - Abe Vigoda, American actor
- 1921 - Douglass Watson, American actor (d. 1989)
- 1922 - Richard Hamilton, English painter
- 1922 - Steven Hill, American actor
- 1923 - David Soyer, American cellist
- 1932 - Michel Legrand, French composer
- 1932 - John Vernon, Canadian actor (d. 2005)
- 1931 - Dominic Chianese, American actor
- 1934 - Bettino Craxi, Prime Minister of Italy (d. 2000)
- 1934 - Renata Scotto, Italian soprano
- 1938 - Phil Knight, American sportswear manufacturer
- 1940 - Denis Law Scottish footballer
- 1942 - Joseph Lieberman, American politician and vice presidential candidate
- 1943 - Hristo Prodanov, Bulgarian mountaineer
- 1944 - Nicky Hopkins, British musician (d. 1994)
- 1945 - Barry Bostwick, American actor
- 1947 - Rupert Holmes, English musician
- 1947 - Edward James Olmos, American actor
- 1948 - J. Jayalalithaa, Indian politician
- 1948 - Walter Smith, Scottish football manager
- 1948 - Dennis Waterman, British actor
- 1950 - Pete Duel, American actor (d. 1971)
- 1951 - Debra Jo Rupp, American actress
- 1951 - Helen Shaver, Canadian actress
- 1955 - Steve Jobs, American computer pioneer
- 1955 - Alain Prost, French race car driver
- 1956 - Paula Zahn, American journalist
- 1958 - Sammy Kershaw, American musician
- 1962 - Michelle Shocked, American musician
- 1966 - Billy Zane, American actor
- 1968 - Mitch Hedberg, American comedian (d. 2005)
- 1970 - Jeff Garcia, American football player
- 1972 - Stewart Isbell, American photographer
- 1973 - Jordan Jovtchev, Bulgarian gymnast
- 1973 - Alexei Kovalev, Russian hockey player
- 1974 - Chad Hugo, American musician and producer (The Neptunes)
- 1975 - Ashley MacIsaac, Canadian fiddler
- 1977 - Jason Akermanis, Australian footballer
- 1981 - Lleyton Hewitt, Australian tennis player
- 1982 - Klára Koukalová, Czech tennis player

Deaths


- 616 - King Ethelbert of Kent
- 1525 - Guillaume Gouffier, seigneur de Bonnivet, French soldier
- 1563 - Francis, Duke of Guise, French soldier and politician (b. 1519)
- 1588 - Johann Weyer, Dutch physician and occultist
- 1666 - Nicholas Lanier, English composer (b. 1588)
- 1674 - Matthias Weckmann, German composer (b. 1616)
- 1685 - Charles Howard, 1st Earl of Carlisle, English politician and military leader (b. 1629)
- 1704 - Marc-Antoine Charpentier, French composer (b. 1643)
- 1714 - Edmund Andros, English governor in North America (b. 1637)
- 1721 - John Sheffield, 1st Duke of Buckingham and Normanby, English statesman and poet (b. 1648)
- 1777 - King Joseph I of Portugal (b. 1714)
- 1779 - Paul Daniel Longolius, German encylopedist (b. 1704)
- 1781 - Edward Capell, English critic (b. 1713)
- 1799 - Georg Christoph Lichtenberg, German physicist (b. 1742)
- 1810 - Henry Cavendish, English scientist (b. 1756)
- 1815 - Robert Fulton, American inventor (b. 1765)
- 1825 - Thomas Bowdler, English physician and editor (b. 1754)
- 1856 - Nikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky, Russian mathematician (b. 1792)
- 1925 - Hjalmar Branting, Prime Minister of Sweden, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (b. 1860)
- 1970 - Conrad Nagel, American actor (b. 1897)
- 1975 - Nikolai Bulganin, Premier of the Soviet Union (b. 1895)
- 1984 - Helmut Schelsky, German sociologist (b. 1912)
- 1990 - Tony Conigliaro, baseball player (b. 1945)
- 1990 - Malcolm Forbes, American publisher (b. 1917)
- 1990 - Sandro Pertini, Italian politician (b. 1896)
- 1990 - Johnnie Ray, American singer (b. 1927)
- 1991 - John Daly, South African game show host (b. 1914)
- 1991 - George Gobel, American comedian (b. 1919)
- 1993 - Bobby Moore, English footballer (b. 1941)
- 1994 - Dinah Shore, American actress and singer (b. 1916)
- 1998 - Antonio Prohias, Cuban-born cartoonist (b. 1921)
- 1998 - Henny Youngman, English-born comedian (b. 1906)
- 1999 - Andre Dubus, American writer (b. 1936)
- 2001 - Claude E. Shannon, American information theorist (b. 1916)
- 2002 - Leo Ornstein, Russian-born composer and pianist (b. 1912)
- 2003 - John Edward Christopher Hill, English historian (b. 1912)
- 2003 - Bernard Loiseau, French chef (b. 1951)
- 2004 - John Randolph, American actor (b. 1915)

Holidays and observances


- Regifugium, in the Roman calendar
- Independence Day in Estonia (1918)
- Flag Day in México
- Catholicism: Mardi Gras (aka Shrove Tuesday) (2004, 2009)

External links


- [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/february/24 BBC: On This Day]
- [http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/20050224.html The New York Times: On This Day] ---- February 23 - February 25 - January 24 - March 24 -- listing of all days ko:2월 24일 ms:24 Februari ja:2月24日 simple:February 24 th:24 กุมภาพันธ์

1990

:This article is about the year. For other uses, see 1990 (disambiguation). :"MCMXC" redirects here; for the Enigma album, see MCMXC a.D.. 1990 (MCMXC) is a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar.

Events

January


- January 3 - Former leader of Panama Manuel Noriega surrenders to American forces.
- January 7 - The Leaning Tower of Pisa is closed to the public due to safety concerns.
- January 9 - Lt Gen Bazilio Olara Okello, the man who led the coup against Dr Apolo Milton Obote's government, dies in Ormduruman Hospital in Khartoum, Sudan.
- January 10 - Time Warner is formed from the merger of Time Inc. and Warner Communications Inc.
- January 11 - Massive (200,000) demonstration in favor of Lithuanian independence.
- January 13 - Douglas Wilder becomes the first elected African American governor as he takes office in Richmond, Virginia.
- January 15 - Thousands storm the Stasi HQ in Berlin in an attempt to view their records.
- January 18 - Former McMartin preschool operators Raymond Buckey and his mother Peggy McMartin Buckey are acquitted in a Los Angeles, California court of 52 child molestation charges.
- January 18 - Washington, DC, Mayor Marion Barry is arrested for drug possession in an FBI sting.
- January 22 - Robert Tappan Morris, Jr. is convicted of releasing the 1988 Internet worm.
- January 25 - Avianca Flight 52 crashed into Cove Neck, Long Island, after a miscommunication between the flight crew and JFK airport officials.
- January 25 - The Berlin Wall starts to come down.
- January 25-January 26 - Burns' Day storm rages over northwestern Europe - 97 dead
- January 27 - City of Tiraspol in the Moldavian SSR declares brief independence
- January 29 - The trial of the former skipper of the Exxon Valdez, Joseph Hazelwood, begins in Anchorage, Alaska. He is accused of negligence that resulted in America's worst oil spill.
- January 31 - The first McDonald's opens in Moscow, USSR.

February

USSR
- February 2 - Apartheid: In South Africa President F.W. de Klerk allows the African National Congress to legally function again and promises to set Nelson Mandela free.
- February 7 - Collapse of the Soviet Union: The Central Committee of the Soviet Communist Party agrees to give up its monopoly of power
- February 10 - South African President F.W. de Klerk announces that Nelson Mandela would be released the next day.
- February 11 - James "Buster" Douglas KOs Mike Tyson to win world heavyweight boxing crown.
- February 11 - Nelson Mandela is released from Victor Verster prison, near Cape Town, South Africa
- February 13 - German reunification: An agreement is reached for a two-stage plan to reunite Germany
- February 15 - The United Kingdom and Argentina restore diplomatic links after 8 years. The UK had broken off links in response to Argentina's invasion of the Falkland Islands, a British Dependent Territory
- February 26 - The Sandinistas are defeated in Nicaraguan elections.
- February 26 - The USSR agrees to withdraw all 73500 troops from Czechoslovakia by July, 1991.
- February 27 - Exxon Valdez oil spill: Exxon and its shipping company are indicted on five criminal counts.

March


- March 1 - A fire at the Sheraton Hotel in Cairo kills 16.
- March 1 - Steve Jackson Games is raided by the U.S. Secret Service, prompting the later formation of the EFF.
- March 1 - Royal New Zealand Navy discontinues the daily rum ration
- March 4 - Afrisecal movement/ Afrisecaism introduced as an intellectual school of thought to the Literary collective of Jos by Francis Okechukwu Ohanyido on his birthday as part of the "Afriquest initiative".
- March 6 - An SR-71 sets a US transcontinental speed record of 1 hour 8 minutes 17 seconds, on what is publicized as its last official flight.
- March 9 - Police seals off Brixton South London after another night of protests against the poll tax
- March 9 - Dr. Antonia Novello is sworn in as Surgeon General of the United States, becoming the first female and Hispanic to serve in that position
- March 9 - Newfoundland and Labrador Premier Clyde Wells confirms he will rescind Newfoundland's approval of the Meech Lake Accord, effectively killing the Accord
- March 10 - 18 months after seizing power in a coup, Prosper Avril is ousted in Haiti
- March 11 - Lithuania declares independence from the Soviet Union
- March 11 - Patricio Aylwin is sworn-in as the first democratically-elected Chilean president since 1970
- March 15 - Gulf War: Iraqis hang British journalist Farzad Bazoft for spying. Daphne Parish, a British nurse, is sentenced to 15 years' imprisonment as an accomplice
- March 15 - Mikhail Gorbachev is elected as the first executive president of the Soviet Union
- March 15 - The Soviet Union announces that Lithuania's declaration of independence is invalid
- March 18 - 12 paintings, collectively worth $100 million, are stolen by two thieves posing as police officers from the Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum in Boston, Massachusetts. This is the largest art theft in US history and the paintings (as of 2005) have not been recovered
- March 18 - East Germany holds first free elections since 1932
- March 18 - Thieves loot Isabella Steward Gardner Museum in Boston, Massachusetts, stealing paintings and treasures worth estimated $200 million (not recovered as of 2005)
- March 20 - Ferdinand Marcos's widow, Imelda Marcos, goes on trial for bribery, embezzlement, and racketeering
- March 21 - After 75 years of South African rule Namibia becomes independent
- March 21 - A massive poll tax demonstration in Trafalgar Square, London turns into a riot. 417 people injured, 341 arrested
- March 23 - Gerald Bull assassinated in Brussels
- March 24 - The government of Australian prime minister Bob Hawke is re-elected for a 4th term.
- March 25 - In New York City, a fire due to arson at an illegal social club called "Happy Land" kills 87
- March 27 - Propaganda: The United States begins broadcasting TV Martí to Cuba
- March 27 - Namibia becomes a state independent of South Africa
- March 28 - President George H. W. Bush presents Jesse Owens with the Congressional Gold Medal.
- March 31 - London anti-Poll Tax Riots in Trafalgar Square. Incident subsequently known as "The Second Battle of Trafalgar"

April


- April 7 - Iran Contra Affair: John Poindexter is found guilty of five charges for his part in the scandal but the convictions were later reversed after an appeal
- April 7 - Scandinavian Star, a Bahamas-registered ferry, catches fire en route from Norway to Denmark - 158 dead
- April 13 - The Soviet Union apologizes for the Katyn Massacre
- April 15 - Food poisoning kills 450 guests of an engagement party in Uttar Pradesh
- April 24 - The Space Shuttle Discovery places the Hubble Space Telescope into orbit.It becomes operational May 20
- April 24 - West and East Germany agree to merge currency and economies on July 1

May


- May 2 - In London, England, man brandishing a knife robs courier Nicholas Lane of bearer bonds worth £292 million - the largest mugging to date.
- May 15 - Portrait of Doctor Gachet by Vincent van Gogh is sold for a record $82.5 million.
- May 19 - British agriculture Minister John Gummer feeds a hamburger to his 5-year-old daughter to counter rumours about the spread of Mad cow disease and its transmission to humans
- May 20 - The first post- Communist presidential and parliamentary elections are held in Romania
- May 22 - The leaders of the Yemen Arab Republic and the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen announce the unification of their countries as the Republic of Yemen.
- May 29 - Rhode Island celebrates its bicentennial statehood.

June


- June 1 - U.S. President George H. W. Bush and Soviet Union leader Mikhail Gorbachev sign a treaty to end chemical weapon production and to start destroying each of their nation's stockpiles
- June 12 - The parliament of the Russian Federation formally declares its sovereignty (see Russia Day)
- June 20 - British Chancellor John Major proposes a new European currency which would circulate alongside existing national currencies.
- June 22 - Underwater volcano Mount Didicas erupts in the Philippines

July


- July 2 - Stampede in a pedestrian tunnel leading to Mecca - 1426 pilgrims dead
- July 8 - At 12:34:56 PM the time and date by US reckoning was 12:34:56 7/8/90.
- July 8 - West Germany defeats Argentina 1-0 to win the Football World Cup 1990
- July 12 - Square Co., Ltd. releases Final Fantasy in North America.
- July 15 - Tamil Tigers kill 168 Muslims in Colombo, Sri Lanka
- July 16 - In the Philippines, an earthquake measuring 7.7 on the Richter Scale kills over 1600
- July 25 - The Serbian Democratic Party declares sovereignty of the Serbs in Croatia
- July 27 - The parliament building and a government television house in Port-of-Spain, Trinidad and Tobago are stormed by the Jamaat al Muslimeen in a Coup d'état attempt which lasts five days. Approximately 26 to 30 people are killed and several wounded (including then Prime Minister, A.N.R. Robinson, who was shot in the leg).
- July 27 - Belarus declares its sovereignty; a key step toward independence from the USSR.
- July 28 - Alberto Fujimori becomes president of Peru
- July 30 - IRA car bomb kills British MP Ian Gow, a staunch unionist.

August


- August 2 - Gulf War: Iraq invades Kuwait, eventually leading to the Gulf War.
- August 3 - The highest temperature recorded in the UK until 2003 - 37.1°C (98.8°F) at Cheltenham in Gloucestershire
- August 6 - Gulf War: The United Nations Security Council orders a global trade embargo against Iraq in response to Iraq's invasion of Kuwait.
- August 7 - John Cain Resigns as VIC premier over a series of financial scandals and is replaced by Joan Kirner (10th)
- August 7 - At 12:34:56 (both AM and PM) the time and date by British reckoning was 12:34:56 7/8/90 i.e. 1234567890.
- August 19 - Leonard Bernstein conducts his final concert, ending with Ludwig van Beethoven's Symphony No. 7 performed by the Boston Symphony Orchestra.
- August 27 - Blues musician Stevie Ray Vaughan dies in a helicopter crash along with 4 others following a concert near East Troy, Wisconsin.

September


- September 2 - Transnistria declares its independence from the Moldavian SSR; however, the declaration is not recognized by any government.
- September 11 - President George H. W. Bush delivers a nationally televised speech in which he threatens the use of force to remove Iraqi soldiers from Kuwait, which Iraq had recently invaded.
- September 12 - The two German states and the Four Powers sign the Treaty on the Final Settlement With Respect to Germany in Moscow, paving the way for German re-unification.

October


- October 3 - German re-unification, East Germany becomes part of the Federal Republic of Germany.
- October 5 - After one hundred and fifty years, ten months and two days (Friday, January 3, 1840 - Friday, October 5, 1990), The Herald broadsheet newspaper in Melbourne, Australia is published for the last time as a separate newspaper. Founded in 1840 as The Port Phillip Herald, it is merged with its morning tabloid sister paper The Sun News-Pictorial and the first issue of the new Herald Sun, described by owner Rupert Murdoch as "The world's first 24-hour newspaper", with morning and afternoon editions, is published on the 8th
- October 8 - Israeli-Palestinian Conflict: In Jerusalem, Israeli police kill 17 Palestinians and wound over 100 near the Dome of the Rock mosque on the Temple Mount
- October 13 - Lebanese Civil War: Syrian military forces invade and occupy Mount Lebanon, ousting General Michel Aoun's government. This effectively consolidates Syria's 14 year occupation of Lebanese soil.
- October 15</