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Wilma Flintstone

Wilma Flintstone

Wilma Flintstone (born Slaghoople), a fictional character in the popular television animated series The Flintstones, is the red-headed wife of caveman Fred Flintstone and mother of Pebbles Flintstone. Her best friends were her next door neighbors, Betty and Barney Rubble. Wilma lived in the fictional prehistoric city of Bedrock, a world where dinosaurs coexisted with cavepeople and the cavepeople enjoyed "primitive" versions of modern conveniences such as telephones, automobiles and washing machines. Wilma's personality was based on that of Alice Kramden, wife of Ralph Kramden on the 1950s television series The Honeymooners. Thus, much like Alice, Wilma played the strong-willed, level-headed person in her marriage, often criticizing Fred for pursuing his various ill-fated schemes. Wilma would also often be the one to bail out Fred when one of his schemes landed him in trouble.

Biography

While the mid-1980s spinoff series The Flintstone Kids depicts Wilma as a child, the series seems to be mostly apocryphal due to its presenting Wilma as a childhood friend of Fred and Barney (the original series asserted that they met as young adults). Still, the series' depictions that Wilma had younger twin sisters and that her father—who apparently died by the time Wilma reached adulthood—ran a prehistoric computer business might be taken as valid. As a young adult, Wilma worked with Betty as cigarette girls/waitresses at a resort. There, they first met and fell in love with their future husbands, Fred and Barney (who were working there as bellhops). Wilma's mother, Mrs. Slaghoople, also met her future son-in-law, and took a disliking toward Fred (and vice-versa), starting a long-lasting rivalry between the two. Eventually, Wilma and Fred were married, and Wilma became a homemaker, keeping house with such prehistoric aids as a baby elephant vacuum cleaner, pelican washing machine, and so forth. Wilma also enjoyed volunteering for various charitable/women's organizations in Bedrock, shopping, and (occasionally) getting to meet the celebrities of their world, including "Stony Curtis" and "Cary Granite". In the original series' third season, Wilma became pregnant, and gave birth to the couple's only child, Pebbles. When Pebbles was a teenager, Wilma (along with Betty) gained employment as a reporter for one of Bedrock's newspapers, the Daily Granite, under the editorial guidance of Lou Granite (presumably a parody of The Mary Tyler Moore Show's Lou Grant). While employed there, she shared various adventures with prehistoric superhero Captain Caveman, who (in a secret identity) also worked for the newspaper. Later still, after Pebbles grew up and left home, Wilma started a successful catering business with her neighbor and friend Betty, before becoming a grandmother to Pebbles' twin children, Chip and Roxy.

Trivia


- Jean Vander Pyl was the original voice artist of Wilma until her death in the late 1990s. Since then, Tress MacNeille has taken over as Wilma's voice.
- Several early episodes in the original series stated Wilma's maiden name was "Pebble," but later episodes and spinoffs more firmly state her maiden name was indeed "Slaghoople."
- The notion of a rivalry between in-laws, as seen between Fred and Wilma's mother, is seen in various other sitcoms, including in The Flintstoness successor prime time animated series, The Simpsons---where Homer shares a rivalry with Marge's sisters Patty and Selma Bouvier.
- The Red Dwarf characters Dave Lister and the Cat reach the conclusion that, "in all probability, Wilma Flintstone is the most desirable woman who ever lived." They also conclude that they would have sex with Betty, but would be thinking of Wilma. They than agree that it is an absurd conversation, since she will never leave Fred and they know it.

External links


- [http://www.topthat.net/webrock/index.htm Webrock - The Flintstones and Hanna Barbera Page] Flintstone, Wilma

Fictional character

A fictional character is any person who appears in a work of fiction. More accurately, a fictional character is the person or conscious entity we imagine to exist within the world of such a work. In addition to people, characters can be aliens, animals, gods or, occasionally, inanimate objects. Characters are almost always at the center of fictional texts, especially novels and plays. It is, in fact, hard to imagine a novel or play without characters, though such texts have been attempted (James Joyce's Finnegans Wake is one of the most famous examples). In poetry, there is almost always some sort of person present, but often only in the form of a narrator or an imagined listener. In various forms of theatre, performance arts and cinema (except for animation and CGI movies), fictional characters are performed by actors, dancers and singers. In animations and puppetry, they are voiced by voice actors, though there have been several examples, particularly, in machinima, where characters are voiced by computer generated voices. The process of setting up characters for a work of fiction is called characterization.

Names of characters

The names of fictional characters are often quite important. The conventions of naming have changed over time. In many Restoration comedies, for example, characters are given emblematic names that sound nothing like real life names: "Sir Fidget", "Mr. Pinchwife" and "Mrs. Squeamish" are some typical examples (all from The Country Wife by William Wycherley). Some 18th and 19th century texts, on the other hand, represent characters' names by the use of a single letter and a long dash (this convention is also used for other proper nouns, such as place names). This has the effect of suggesting that the author had a real person in mind but omitted the full name for propriety's sake. Les Misérables by Victor Hugo uses this technique. One reason for this dash is that, in Britain and in other countries with a feudal heritage, the names of counties and places might be the names of the feudal lords over those places. One cannot arbitrarily give someone the name "Earl of Manchester" because someone may either have or be elevated to such a title, so it may be grounds for a lawsuit. Hence fictitious names are based on disparaged historical characters, or tend to be re-used. For example, "Lady de Winter" is a character in Dumas pères Three Musketeers, and the family name was used in Du Maurier's Rebecca. (The same holds true for the names of houses: in the latter book, "Windermere" is named after a lake, not a feudal holding). The 19th century movements of sentimentalism, realism and naturalism all encouraged readers to imagine characters as real people by giving them realistic names, names that were often the titles of books, such as Charlotte Brontë's Jane Eyre or Charles Dickens' David Copperfield. These conventions were followed by the majority of subsequent literature, including most contemporary literature. However, there are few characters with names that are completely arbitrary. At the very least, names tend to indicate nationality and status. Often, the literal meaning or origin of a name is of some symbolic importance.

Some ways of reading characters

Readers vary enormously in how they understand fictional characters. The most extreme ways of reading fictional characters would be to think of them exactly as real people or to think of them as purely artistic creations that have everything to do with craft and nothing to do with real life. Most styles of reading fall somewhere in between. Here are some typical ways of reading fictional characters in literary criticism:

Character as symbol

In some readings, certain characters are understood to represent a given quality or abstraction. Rather than simply being people, these characters stand for something larger. Many characters in Western literature have been read as Christ symbols, for example. Other characters have been read as symbolizing capitalist greed (as in F. Scott Fitzgerald's The Great Gatsby), the futility of fulfilling the American Dream, or quixotic romanticism (Don Quixote).

Character as representative

Another way of reading characters symbolically is to understand each character as a representative of a certain group of people. For example, Bigger Thomas of Native Son by Richard Wright is often seen as representative of young black men in the 1930s, doomed to a life of poverty and exploitation. Dagny Taggart and other characters from Atlas Shrugged by Ayn Rand are seen as representative of American's hard-nosed, hard-working class. Many practitioners of cultural criticism and feminist criticism focus their analysis of characters on cultural stereotypes. In particular, they consider the ways in which authors rely on and/or work against stereotypes when they create their characters. Such critics, for example, would read Native Son in relation to racist stereotypes of African American men as sexually violent (especially against white women). In reading Bigger Thomas' character, one could ask in what ways Richard Wright relied on these stereotypes to create a violent African-American male character and in what ways he fought against it by making that character the protagonist of the novel rather than an anonymous villain. Often, readings that focus on stereotypes demand that we focus our attention on seemingly unimportant characters, such as the ubiquitous sambo characters in early cinema. Minor characters, or stock characters, are often the focus of this kind of analysis since they tend to rely more heavily on stereotypes than more central characters.

Characters as historical or biographical references

Sometimes characters obviously represent important historical figures. For example, Nazi-hunter Yakov Liebermann in The Boys from Brazil by Ira Levin is often compared to real life Nazi-hunter Simon Wiesenthal, and corrupted populist politician Willie Stark from All the King's Men by Robert Penn Warren is often compared to Louisiana governor Huey P. Long. Other times, authors base characters on people from their own personal lives. Glenarvon by Lady Caroline Lamb chronicles her love affair with Lord Byron, who is thinly disguised as the title character. Nicole, a destructive, mentally ill woman in Tender is the Night by F. Scott Fitzgerald, is often seen as a fictionalized version of Fitzgerald's wife Zelda. Perhaps because so many people enjoy imagining characters as real people, many critics devote their time to seeking out real people on whom literary figures were likely based. Frequently authors base stories on themselves or their loved ones.

Character as words

Some language- or text-oriented critics emphasize that characters are nothing more than certain conventional uses of words on a page: names or even just pronouns repeated throughout a text. They refer to characters as functions of the text. Some critics go so far as to suggest that even authors do not exist outside the texts that construct them.

Character as patient: psychoanalytic readings

Psychoanalytic criticism usually treats characters as real people possessing complex psyches. Psychoanalytic critics approach literary characters as an analyst would treat a patient, searching their dreams, past, and behavior for explanations of their fictional situations. Alternatively, some psychoanalytic critics read characters as mirrors for the audience's psychological fears and desires. Rather than representing realistic psyches then, fictional characters offer us a way to act out psychological dramas of our own in symbolic and often hyperbolic form. The classic example of this would be Freud's reading of Oedipus (and Hamlet, for that matter) as emblematizing every child's fantasy of murdering his father to possess his mother. This form of reading persists today in much film criticism. The feminist critic Laura Mulvey is considered a pioneer in the field. Her groundbreaking 1975 article, "Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema"[http://www.jahsonic.com/VPNC.html], analyzed the role of the male viewer of conventional narrative cinema as fetishist, using psychoanalysis "as a political weapon, demonstrating the way the unconscious of patriarchal society has structured film form."

Round characters vs. flat characters

Some critics distinguish between "round characters" and "flat characters" or types. The former are made up of many personality traits and tend to be complex and both more life-like and believable, while the latter consist of only a few personality traits and tend to be simple and less believable. The protagonist (main character, sometimes known as the "hero" or the "heroine") of a novel is certain to be a round character; a minor, supporting character in the same novel may be a flat character. Scarlett O'Hara, of Gone with the Wind, is a good example of a round character, whereas her servant Prissy exemplifies the flat character. Likewise, many antagonists (characters in conflict with protagonists, sometimes known as "villains") are round characters. An example of an antagonist who is a round character is Gone with the Wind's Rhett Butler. A number of stereotypical or "stock" characters have developed throughout the history of drama. Some of these characters include the country bumpkin, the con artist, and the city slicker. Often, these characters are the basis of "flat characters", though elements of stock characters can also be present in round characters as well.

Unusual uses

Postmodern fiction frequently incorporates real characters into fictional and even realistic surroundings. In film, the appearance of a real person as himself inside of a fictional story is a type of cameo. For instance, Woody Allen's Annie Hall has Allen's character call in Marshall McLuhan to resolve a disagreement. In some experimental fiction, the author acts as a character within his own text. One of the earliest examples of this is Niebla ("Fog") by Miguel de Unamuno (1907), in which the main character visits Unamuno in his office to discuss his fate in the novel. Paul Auster also employs this device in his novel City of Glass (1985), which opens with the main character getting a phone call for Paul Auster. At first the main character explains that the caller has reached a wrong number, but eventually he decides to pretend to be Auster and see where it leads him. In Immortality by Milan Kundera, the author references himself in a storyline seemingly separate from that of his fictional characters, but at the end of the novel, Kundera meets his own characters. With the rise of the "star" system in Hollywood, many famous actors are so familiar that it can be hard to limit our reading of their character to a single film. In some sense, Bruce Lee is always Bruce Lee, Woody Allen is always Woody Allen, and Harrison Ford is always Harrison Ford; all often portray characters that are very alike, so audiences fuse the star persona with the characters they tend to play, a principle explored in the Arnold Schwarzeneggar vehicle, Last Action Hero. Some fiction and drama make constant reference to a character who is never seen. This often becomes a sort of joke with the audience. This device is the centrepoint of one of the most unusual and original plays of the 20th century, Samuel Beckett's Waiting for Godot, in which Godot of the title never arrives.

Iconic fictional characters

Some fictional characters are so famous that they can be references easily outside of the work from which they came, often because they have come to symbolize some archetype or ideal.

Lists of fictional characters

General


- List of advertising characters
- List of aliens in fiction
- List of comic and cartoon pairs
- Comic and cartoon characters named after people
- List of notable female fictional characters
- List of dead fictional characters
- List of fictional characters with one eye
- List of fictional clergy and religious figures
- List of mad scientists
- List of mythological pairs
- List of real-life characters
- List of fictional robots and androids
- List of Greek mythological characters
- List of heroic fictional scientists and engineers
- List of unseen characters
- List of video game mascots
- List of fictional witches
- List of fictional television sitcom characters
- List of fictional people known for their names
- List of horror film killers

Stock characters


- Damsel in distress
- Femme fatale
- Butch and femme
- Hero
- Mad scientist
- Villain

Fictional animals


- list of fictional apes (and other non-human primates, excluding Monkeys)
  - list of fictional monkeys
- list of fictional bears
- list of fictional birds
- list of fictional cats
- list of fictional dinosaurs
- list of fictional dogs
- list of fictional dragons
- list of fictional elephants
- list of fictional horses
- list of fictional mice and rats
- list of fictional pigs
- list of fictional rabbits
- list of fictional sheep
- List of fictional animals of other species

Lists of fictional characters in specific works or series


- List of X-Men
- List of Digimon
- List of Pokémon
- Characters from Dune
- Characters of The Sandman
- Characters in Atlas Shrugged
- List of DC Comics characters
- List of Dickens characters
- List of Disney characters
- List of Dragon Ball characters
- List of Middle-earth peoples
- List of Middle-earth characters
  - Characters from The Lord of the Rings
- List of Characters in Grand Theft Auto Vice City
- List of characters in Beavis and Butt-head
- List of Hercules and Xena characters
- List of Mortal Kombat characters
- List of Archie Comics characters
- List of Characters in The Chronicles of Narnia
- List of characters from Family Guy
- List of characters from The Simpsons
  - Fictional characters within The Simpsons
  - List of celebrities on The Simpsons
  - List of recurring characters from The Simpsons
  - One-time characters from The Simpsons
- List of characters from The Sopranos
- List of the Legend of Zelda characters
- List of Hanna-Barbera characters
- Invader Zim characters
- List of Mario series characters
- List of Marvel Comics characters
- List of Nintendo characters
- List of Final Fantasy characters
- List of Characters from Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas
- List of Mega Man characters (original series)
- List of Mega Man characters (X series)
- List of Mega Man characters (Zero series)
- List of Mega Man characters (Legends series)
- List of Mega Man characters (Battle Network series)
- List of Metroid characters
- List of Tekken characters
- List of the Adventures of Tintin characters
- List of Carmen Sandiego characters
- List of characters in translations of Harry Potter
- List of characters in the Harry Potter books
- Characters in the Wheel of Time series
- List of Soul Calibur characters
- List of Star Trek characters
- List of Star Wars characters
- List of Sesame Street characters
- Minor characters from The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy
- List of characters from Alias
- List of characters in the Oz books
- List of Robert Heinlein characters
- Love Hina main characters
- Love Hina minor characters

Heroes and villains


- List of fictional heroes
- List of anti-heroes
- List of black superheroes
- List of female superheroes
- List of male superheroes
- List of literary works with eponymous heroines
- List of supervillains

See also


- Archive of fictional things
- Fictional realm
- Grand argument
- Mary Sue
- The 100 Greatest Movie Characters of All Time Category:Fiction Category:Lists of fictional characters
- ja:架空の人名一覧

Animated series

An animated television series or cartoon television series is a television series produced by means of animation. A note on usage: The duration of an individual episode varies from series to series. While some series may be produced as complete half hour programs, many cartoons are produced as short subjects of 15 minutes or less. These cartoons are grouped and mixed together according to network programming demands. Thus a particular animated series may appear in a number of formats, often anonymously, e.g. The Cartoon Hour. Below is a sample list of animated series (the list omits most animated series from Japan, also known as anime, which number in the thousands[http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/encyclopedia/anime.php?list=9]):

1940s


- Crusader Rabbit (1949-1957)

1950s


- Captain Pugwash (1957-1966)
- Felix the Cat (new TV episodes) (1958-1960)
- Tom Terrific (1957-1959)
- The Space Explorers (1958-1960)
- Huckleberry Hound (1958-1962)
- Yogi Bear (1958-1988)
- Clutch Cargo (1959)

1960s


- The Alvin Show (1961-1962)
- The Archie Show (1968-1978)
- Batfink
- Beany and Cecil (1961-1970)
- The Beatles (1961-1970)
- Birdman (1967-1969)
- Casper and Friends
- The Flintstones (1960-1966)
- The Herculoids (1967-1969)
- The Jetsons (1962-1963, 1984-1985, 1987)
- Jonny Quest (1964-1965)
- Mary Mungo & Midge (1969)
- The Mighty Hercules (1964-1966)
- The Mighty Mightor (1967-1969)
- Peter Potamus (1964-1965)
- Rocket Robin Hood (1966-1969)
- Rocky & Bullwinkle (1961-1973)
- Scooby-Doo, Where Are You! (1969-1972; renewed under various other names through 1986)
- Shazzan (1967-1969)
- Space Ghost (1966-1968)
- Speed Racer (1967-1968)
- Spider-Man (1967-1970)
- Top Cat (1961-1962)
- Young Samson and Goliath (1967-1968)
- Underdog (1964-1973)

1970s

1970s
- Bagpuss (1974)
- Battle of the Planets (1978)
- Fat Albert and the Cosby Kids (1972-1984)
- Hanna-Barbera's Cartoon Corral
- Hong Kong Phooey (1974-1975)
- I Am the Greatest: The Adventures of Muhammad Ali (1977)
- Il était une fois l'homme (Once Upon a Time...Man)
- Jabberjaw (1976-1978)
- The Jackson 5ive (1971 - 1973)
- Josie and the Pussycats (1970-1972)
- The Pebbles and Bamm-Bamm Show (1971-1972)
- Princess Knight
- Roobarb (1974)
- Scooby's All-Star Laff-a-Lympics (1977-1979)
- Schoolhouse Rock (1973)
- Speed Buggy (1973-1983)
- Star Trek: The Animated Series (1973-1974)
- SuperFriends (1973-1985)
- The Tom & Jerry/Grape Ape/Mumbly Show (1975-1977)
- Wait Till Your Father Gets Home (1972-1974)

1980s


- Alvin and the Chipmunks (1983-1991)
- Adventures of Teddy Ruxpin (1987-1988)
- Around the World with Willy Fogg
- Bananaman (1983-1986)
- Beetlejuice (1989-1991)
- The Berenstain Bears (1985)
- Bertha (1986-1987)
- Beverly Hills Teens (1987)
- Bionic Six
- BraveStarr
- The Centurions (1985-1987)
- The Charlie Brown & Snoopy Show (1983-1985)
- Care Bears (1985-1990)
- Chip 'n Dale Rescue Rangers (1989-1990)
- C.O.P.S. (1988-1989)
- Count Duckula (1988-1993)
- Dangermouse (1981-1992)
- Dennis the Menace (US)
- Denver, the Last Dinosaur (1988-1989)
- Drak Pack (1980)
- Star Wars: Droids (1985-1986)
- DuckTales (1987-1990)
- Dungeons & Dragons (1983-1986)
- Star Wars: Ewoks (1985-1987)
- Galaxy High School
- Galaxy Rangers
- Garfield and Friends (1988-1994)
- G.I. Joe (1985-1986)
- Adventures of the Gummi Bears (1985-1990)
- He-Man and the Masters of the Universe (1983-1985)
- Henry's Cat (1982-6)
- Il était une fois... l'espace (Once Upon a Time...Space)(1982)
- Il était une fois... la vie (Once Upon a Time...Life)(1986)
- Inhumanoids
- Inspector Gadget (1983-1986)
- Jem (1985-1988)
- The Jetsons (new episodes from 1984-1985 and 1987)
- The Littles (1983-1986)
- M.A.S.K. (1985)
- Monchhichis (1983)
- Muppet Babies (1984-1991)
- Mighty Mouse: The New Adventures
- The Mysterious Cities of Gold (Les Mystérieuses Cités d'Or) (1982)
- My Little Pony Tales
- The New Adventures of Winnie the Pooh (1988-1991)
- The New Archies (1987-1989)
- Kidd Video (1984-1987)
- Pingu (1986)
- Pac-Man (1982-1984)
- A Pup Named Scooby-Doo (1988-1991)
- The Raccoons (1985-1991)
- Rainbow Brite (1984-1985)
- Real Ghostbusters (1986-1992)
- Richie Rich (Hanna-Barbera version) (1980 - 1984)
- Robostory (1985)
- Rude Dog and the Dweebs
- Sharky and George
- She-Ra: Princess of Power (1985-1986)
- Shirt Tales (1982-1984)
- Silverhawks (1986)
- The Simpsons (1989-present)
- The Smurfs (1981-1990)
- The Snorks (1984-1988)
- Spiral zone (1987)
- Spartakus and the Sun Beneath the Sea (Les Mondes engloutis) (1985)
- SuperTed (1983-1986)
- Super Dave (1987)
- Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (1987-1996)
- Thundarr the Barbarian (1980-1982)
- Thundercats (1985-1987)
- The Tom and Jerry Comedy Show (1980-1982)
- Transformers (1984-1987)
- Ulysses 31 (1981)
- Visionaries: Knights of the Magical Light (1987)
- Voltron
- The Wuzzles (1985)

1990s


- 101 Dalmatians: The Series (1997-1999)
- 2 Stupid Dogs (1993-1995)
- AAAHH!!! Real Monsters (1994-1998)
- Adventures of Sonic the Hedgehog (1993)
- The Adventures of Tintin (1990)
- Æon Flux (1991-1995)
- Aladdin: The Series (1994 - 1997)
- Animaniacs (1993-1996)
- Archie's Weird Mysteries (1999-2000)
- Arthur (1996-present)
- Batman: The Animated Series (1992-1995)
- Beavis and Butt-head (1993-1997)
- Big Guy and Rusty the Boy Robot (1999-2001)
- Blazing Dragons (1996-1998)
- Bobby's World (1990-1998)
- Bonkers (1993-1995)
- Bump in the Night (1994-1995)
- Captain Planet and the Planeteers (1990-1991)
- Captain Simian and the Space Monkeys
- Captain Star
- CatDog (1998-2001)
- Celebrity Deathmatch (1998-2002)
- Courage the Cowardly Dog (1999-2002)
- Cow and Chicken (1997-1999)
- Cowboy Bebop (1998-present)
- The Critic (1994-1995)
- Cybersix (1999-2000)
- Daria (1997-2002)
- Darkwing Duck (1991-1994)
- Dennis the Menace (UK) (1996-1998)
- Detention
- Dexter's Laboratory (1996-1999)
- Digimon (1999-2003)
- Dilbert (1999-2000)
- Doug (1991-1999)
- Duckman (1994-1997)
- Dragon Ball (1995-2003)
- Dragon Ball Z (1996-2005)
- Earthworm Jim (1995-1996)
- Ed, Edd n Eddy (1999-present)
- Eek! the Cat (1992-1997)
- Exosquad (1993-1994)
- Family Guy (1999-2002, 2005-present)
- Freakazoid (1995-1997)
- Futurama (1999-2003)
- Gadget Boy & Heather (1995)
- Garfield and Friends (1988-1994)
- Gargoyles (1994-1997)
- Goof Troop (1992-1993)
- Hello Kitty's Paradise (1993-1994)
- Hercules: The Animated Series (1998 - 2000)
- Hey Arnold! (1996-2004)
- Home Movies
- Johnny Bravo (1997-2004)
- Jungle Cubs (1996-1998)
- Dr. Katz, Professional Therapist (1995-2000)
- King of the Hill (1997-present)
- The Little Mermaid (1992-1995)
- The Magic School Bus (1994-1997)
- Marsupilami (1995)
- Mickey Mouse Works (1999 - 2001)
- The Mighty Ducks (1996-1997)
- Mike, Lu & Og (1999-2000)
- Monster Force (1994)
- Nightmare Ned (1997)
- No-Talent Ass Clowns
- Oh Yeah! Cartoons (anthology series)
- Pepper Ann (1997 - 2001)
- Pinky and the Brain
- The Pirates of Dark Water
- Pokémon (1998-present)
- The Powerpuff Girls (1998 - 2005)
- Quack Pack (1997 - 1998)
- Raw Toonage (1992)
- The Ren & Stimpy Show
- Recess (TV series) (1997 - 2003)
- Richie Rich (Film Roman version)
- Road Rovers (1996-1997)
- Rocko's Modern Life
- Rugrats (1991-2004)
- Sailor Moon (1995-2000)
- Sabrina, The Animated Series (1999-2000)
- Sam & Max: Freelance Police!!! (1997-1998)
- Santo Bugito
- South Park (1997-present)
- The Schnookums and Meat Funny Cartoon Show (1994)
- Space Ghost: Coast to Coast
- Spider-Man: The Animated Series
- SpongeBob SquarePants (1999-present)
- Starship Troopers
- Stressed Eric (1998, 2000)
- Superman: The Animated Series
- SWAT Kats: The Radical Squadron (1993-1994)
- The Sylvester and Tweety Mysteries
- TaleSpin (1990-1995)
- Taz-Mania (1991-1993)
- Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (1987-1996)
- The Simpsons
- The Three Friends and Jerry
- The Tick
- Timon and Pumbaa (1995-1999)
- Tiny Toon Adventures
- Wallace and Gromit
- The What-A-Cartoon! Show (anthology series)
- The Wheezer Bros.
- What-A-Mess! (1995)
- Where on Earth is Carmen Sandiego?
- Wild West Cowboys of Moo Mesa(1992-1994)
- Wish Kid (1991)
- The Wizard of Oz (1990)
- X-Men

2000s


- 6teen
- The Adventures Of Jimmy Neutron: Boy Genius
- Alienators: Evolution Continues
- All Grown Up! (2003-present)
- American Dragon: Jake Long
- Aqua Teen Hunger Force (2000-present)
- As Told By Ginger
- Astro Boy
- Atomic Betty
- Avatar: The Last Airbender
- Baby Looney Tunes (2002-2005)
- The Batman
- Batman Beyond
- The Boondocks (2005-present)
- Beyblade
- Braceface
- Brandy & Mr. Whiskers (2004-present)
- The Brak Show
- Buzz Lightyear of Star Command (2000-2003)
- The Buzz on Maggie
- Camp Lazlo
- Carl2
- ChalkZone
- Clangers
- Clerks: The Animated Series
- Clone High
- Code Lyoko
- Codename: Kids Next Door
- Cyberchase
- Da Boom Crew
- Danny Phantom (2004-present)
- Dave the Barbarian (2004)
- Dexter's Laboratory (2001-2004)
- Dragon Ball GT (2003-2005)
- Dragon Booster
- Drawn Together
- Duck Dodgers
- Evil Con Carne
- The Fairly OddParents
- Father of the Pride
- Fillmore! (2002 - 2004)
- Flint the Time Detective
- Foster's Home for Imaginary Friends
- Fullmetal Alchemist (2004-present)
- Gadget and the Gadgetinis
- Game Over
- Gary the Rat
- Get Ed
- The Grim Adventures of Billy and Mandy
- Hamtaro
- Harvey Birdman, Attorney at Law
- Howard Stern, The High School Years (in development)
- Hi Hi Puffy AmiYumi
- House of Mouse (2001 - 2004)
- Invader Zim
- Jackie Chan Adventures
- Justice League
- Justice League Unlimited
- Kim Possible (2002-2005)
- Lloyd in Space (2001-2004)
- The Legend of Tarzan (2001-2003)
- The Life and Times of Juniper Lee
- Lilo & Stitch: The Series (2003-2005)
- Martin Mystery
- Medabots
- Megas XLR
- Monkey Dust
- ¡Mucha Lucha!
- My Dad the Rock Star
- My Life as a Teenage Robot
- Naruto
- One Piece
- Ozzy & Drix
- Pokémon (1998-present)
- The Powerpuff Girls (1998-2005)
- The Proud Family (2001-2005)
- Ren & Stimpy Adult Party Cartoon
- Rocket Power
- Roobarb and Custard Too (2005)
- Sabrina's Secret Life (2003-2004)
- Samurai Jack (2001-2003)
- Sealab 2021
- Sheep in the Big City
- Silverwing
- South Park
- SpongeBob SquarePants
- Static Shock
- Stripperella
- Super Robot Monkey Team Hyperforce Go!
- Teacher's Pet (2000-2002)
- Teamo Supremo (2002-2004)
- Teen Titans
- Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (2003-)
- This Just In
- The Simpsons
- The Tofus
- Time Squad
- Totally Spies
- Transformers Armada
- Ultimate M.U.S.C.L.E.
- Un Posto al Sole Cartoon - UPASC
- The Venture Bros.
- The Weekenders (2000-2004)
- What About Mimi?
- What's New Scooby Doo? (2002-present)
- What's with Andy?
- Whatever Happened to Robot Jones?
- Winx Club
- W.I.T.C.H.
- X-Men: Evolution
- Xiaolin Showdown
- Yu-Gi-Oh
- Zeroman

See also


- Adult animation
- Animation in the United States in the television era
- Anime
- Cartoon Network
- Cartoon Network Studios (formerly Hanna-Barbera Productions)
- Children's television series
- Disney Channel
- Filmation
- Klasky-Csupo, Inc.
- Modern animation of the United States
- Nickelodeon
- Saturday morning cartoon
- Toon Disney
- Voice actor
- Walt Disney Television Animation

External links


- [http://www.toonopedia.com/ Don Markstein's Toonopedia] (Very large index page, suggest opening in new window)
- [http://www.bcdb.com/ The Big Cartoon Database]
- [http://www.tv.com/ TV.com]
- [http://80scartoons.net/toons/ 80sCartoons] Nostalgia for those who grew up in the 80ies in the West Category:Animation Animated series
-

Caveman

ad]] A caveman is a popular stylized characterization of what early humans or hominids may have looked and behaved like. The term is sometimes used colloquially to refer to Neanderthals or to Homo sapiens of the Palaeolithic era, although popular descriptions of cavemen are usually highly inaccurate. The term has been discouraged recently for its inaccuracy, as it mostly refers to modern misconceptions of early man. In the past, many people shared the view of the 17th century philosopher Thomas Hobbes that the life of early man (the state of nature) was "...solitary, poore, nasty, brutish and short". The image still lives on as an icon in the minds of many, and is seen in many items of popular culture, that are now appearing outdated. Examples include the comic strips B.C. (starting in the 1950s) and Alley Oop (starting in the 1930s) and the 1960s cartoon The Flintstones. Cavemen are usually portrayed as being hairy, clothed in animal skins, armed with clubs, unintelligent, and aggressive. They are often shown as living contemporaneously with dinosaurs, a situation totally contradicted by archaeological and paleontological evidence. The lack of habitable caves also implies that the commonly depicted cave homes of such people is, in most cases, incorrect.

See also


- Captain Caveman
- Walking with Cavemen Category:Prehistory

Fred Flintstone

Frederick Flintstone (usually called Fred) is a fictional character who originated in the popular television animated series The Flintstones. Fred has since appeared in various other cartoon spinoffs and commercials. He is the caveman husband of Wilma Flintstone and father of Pebbles Flintstone. His best friends were his next door neighbors, Betty and Barney Rubble. Fred lived in the fictional prehistoric city of Bedrock, a world where dinosaurs coexisted with cavepeople and the cavepeople enjoyed "primitive" versions of modern conveniences such as telephones, automobiles and washing machines. Fred's personality was based on that of Ralph Kramden of the 1950s television series The Honeymooners. Thus, much like Ralph, Fred tended to be loud-mouthed, aggressive, and constantly scheming ways to improve his family's working class lot in life, often with unintended results. Fred worked as a "bronto crane operator" at Slate Rock and Gravel Company (also known as Rockhead and Quarry Cave Construction Company in the earliest episodes). Fred's interests included bowling, playing pool, poker, lounging around the house, and playing golf. Of the first two he is incredibly skillfull, as seen in one of the episodes where he plays against Wilma's unsuspecting mother. Also, Fred has won championships for his incredible bowling skills; in one episode, he went so far as to take ballet lessons in order to improve his game. Fred, like Barney, was also a member of the Loyal Order of Water Buffalos Lodge. Fred's catchphrase was "Yabba-Dabba-Do!," which became the subject of a song by Hoagy Carmichael which the singer-songwriter performed on an episode of The Flintstones.

Biography

While the mid-1980s spinoff series The Flintstone Kids depicts Fred as a child, the series seems to be mostly apocryphal due to its presenting Fred as a childhood friend of Wilma and Betty (vs. the original series' assertion that they first met as young adults). Still, the series' assertions that Fred was the only child of mechanic Ed and homemaker Edna Flintstone, and was a childhood friend of Barney, might be taken as valid. As a teenager in high school, Fred became Bedrock High School's star quarterback (and was nicknamed "Twinkletoes Flintstone") for its football team; however, paying more attention to football instead of his studies caused Fred to fail to graduate (and drop out), which he eventually rectified years later. As a young adult, Fred worked with Barney as bellhops at a resort. There, they first met, and fell in love, with their future wives, Wilma and Betty (who were working there as cigarette girls/waitresses). Wilma's mother, Mrs. Slaghoople, also met her future son-in-law, and immediately took a disliking toward Fred (and vice-versa) starting a years-long rivalry between the two. Eventually, Fred and Wilma were married. Several episodes of the original series plus a few of the spinoffs assert that Fred spent some time in the army early in his marriage. In the original series' third season, Wilma became pregnant, and gave birth to the couple's only child, Pebbles. When Pebbles was a teenager, Fred became a part-time police officer for Bedrock's police force, where along with Barney, he was teamed up on cases with the Shmoo (of Lil Abner comic strip fame). Later still, Fred became a grandfather when Pebbles and the Rubbles' son Bamm-Bamm (both of who had grown to adulthood and married) became parents of twins, Chip and Roxy. The following Christmas, Fred and Wilma apparently adopt an orphan from the "wrong side of the tar pits."

Trivia


- Alan Reed was the original voice artist of Fred until his death in 1977. Henry Corden, who had provided the singing voice for Reed (and Fred) in The Man Called Flintstone, took over until his death in 2005. In the first live-action Flintstones film, he was portrayed by John Goodman, while the second live-action film had the character portrayed by Mark Addy.
- The notion of a rivalry between in-laws, as seen between Fred and Wilma's mother, is seen in various other sitcoms, including in The Flintstoness successor prime time animated series, The Simpsons---where Homer shares a rivalry with Marge's sisters Patty and Selma Bouvier.
- With Barney Rubble, Fred has been a pitchman for Post Cereals' Fruity Pebbles and Cocoa Pebbles breakfast cereals. The commercials typically feature Barney trying to trick Fred out of his cereal, invariably ending with Fred bellowing, "Barney, my Pebbles!" as Barney runs off with Fred's cereal.
- During the first several seasons of The Flintstones series, Fred Flintstone and Barney Rubble were pitchmen for Winston cigarettes, the show's sponsor at the time. In one Winston ad, Fred and Barney saw the men working hard at the quarry and decided to retire out of sight for a smoke break. After extolling the virtues of the Winston brand cigarette, Fred lit up his cigarette and delivered the catch phrase: "Winstons taste good like a cigarette should.". Another similar ad for the cigarettes featured Wilma and Betty as well; the women were working hard mowing the lawn and beating dust out of a rug while Fred and Barney smoked behind the house.
- In the crossover film The Jetsons meet the Flintstones, Fred and Barney become spokesmen for Spacely Sprockets and Cogswell Cogs respectively.
- English cricketer Andrew Flintoff is given the nickname "Freddie Flintoff" due to perceived similarities between the men.
- When the series was broadcasted in Spanish speaking countries, Fred´s and Wilma´s names became Pedro and Vilma Picapiedra, and Barney and Betty Rubble became Pablo and Betty Mármol.

External links


- [http://www.topthat.net/webrock/index.htm Webrock - The Flintstones and Hanna Barbera Page]
- Drawings of Fred by John Kricfalusi: [http://lessingessavants.com/towc/benj/images/fredjimmy.jpg 1], [http://lessingessavants.com/towc/benj/images/JohnK25.jpg 2], [http://lessingessavants.com/towc/benj/images/JohnK26.jpg 3], [http://lessingessavants.com/towc/benj/images/JohnKhb2.jpg 4], [http://lessingessavants.com/towc/benj/images/JohnKhb6.jpg 5] Flintstone, Fred

Pebbles Flintstone

Pebbles Flintstone (also known as Pebbles Flintstone-Rubble as an adult) is a fictional character, the red-haired daughter of Fred and Wilma Flintstone. She is most famous in her infant form on the long-running animated TV show The Flintstones, but has also appeared at various other ages, including as a teenager on the early 1970s spinoff The Pebbles and Bamm-Bamm Show and as an adult in two made-for-television movies. Pebbles dwelled in the fictional prehistoric city of Bedrock, a world where dinosaurs coexisted with cavepeople and the cavepeople enjoyed "primitive" versions of modern conveniences such as telephones, automobiles and washing machines.

Biography

Pebbles was born at the Bedrock Rockapedic Hospital on February 22, 10,000 B.C. (according to the series' producers, though that particular year was never actually cited within the show itself; most versions of the show put the Flintstones' era as circa 1,000,000 B.C.). While an infant, the Flintstones' next-door neighbors the Rubbles adopted the super-strength possessing infant Bamm-Bamm; Pebbles and Bamm-Bamm quickly became lifelong best friends. As a pre-teen, Pebbles was an excellent baseball player, which of course led to a misadventure involving her father Fred (as seen in the primetime special Flintstones' Little Big League). By the time she was a teenager, Pebbles was noted for getting her cohort Bamm-Bamm and their friends, Wiggy, Moonrock and Penny, into various misadventures, mostly due to sharing her father's penchant for schemes that would inevitably backfire (such as causing a strike by Bedrock's city employees when she was elected honorary mayor for a week). She and her friends attended Bedrock High School. As an adult, Pebbles pursued a career in advertising and married Bamm-Bamm. After this, the newly-married couple moved to Hollyrock (a fictional prehistoric version of Hollywood, California), where she eventually gave birth to twins, a girl named Roxy and a boy named Chip.

Trivia


- Pebbles has been voiced over the years by Pamela Anderson, Megan Mullally, Sally Struthers, Russi Taylor, Mickey Stevens and Jean Vander Pyl.
- Pebbles was referred to in the Simpsons episode "Lady Bouvier's Lover," where Mr. Burns, on a visit to the Simpsons household, mistakenly believes Maggie to be Pebbles.
- Pebbles (the pop singer) was given the nickname since she resembled Pebbles Flintstone.

Chronology

Through the various Flintstones incarnations, the age of Pebbles (and Bamm-Bamm) has varied wildly from spinoff to spinoff---appearing as an adolescent in one spinoff and as an infant again in the next. Arranged roughly in chronological order, the Flintstones incarnations Pebbles has made appearances in are as follows:

Infant/Toddler


- The Flintstones
- A Man Called Flintstone
- The New Fred and Barney Show
- The Flintstones' New Neighbor
- Fred's Final Fling
- Wind Up Wilma
- Jogging Fever
- A Flintstone Christmas Carol
- Stay Out
- Cave Kids

Child


- A Flintstone Christmas

Pre-teen


- Flintstones' Little Big League

Teenager


- The Pebbles and Bamm-Bamm Show
- The Flintstone Comedy Hour
- The Flintstone Comedy Show

Adult


- I Yabba Dabba Doo
- Hollyrock-A-Bye Baby
- A Flintstone Family Christmas Pebbles (in her conventional toddler incarnation) also is sometimes seen in the various Fruity and Cocoa Pebbles cereal commercials that have been produced over the years. She also appeared in 1994's live-action Flintstones movie, where she was played by twins Elaine Silver and Melanice Silver.

External links


- [http://www.topthat.net/webrock/index.htm Webrock - The Flintstones and Hanna Barbera Page] Flintstone, Pebbles

Betty Rubble

Betty Rubble (née McBricker), a fictional character in the popular television animated series The Flintstones, is the brunette wife of caveman Barney Rubble and adoptive mother of Bamm-Bamm Rubble. Her best friends were her next door neighbors, Fred and Wilma Flintstone. Betty lived in the fictional prehistoric city of Bedrock, a world where dinosaurs coexisted with cavepeople and the cavepeople enjoyed "primitive" versions of modern conveniences such as telephones, automobiles and washing machines. Betty's personality was based on that of Trixie Norton, wife of Ed Norton on the 1950s television series The Honeymooners. Much like Trixie spent a lot of her time socializing with Alice Kramden, Betty spent a lot of her time socializing with Wilma, and the two would often wind up working together to bail their husbands out of whatever scheme of Fred's had landed them in trouble.

Biography

While the mid-1980s spinoff series The Flintstone Kids depicts Betty as a child, the series seems to be mostly apocryphal due to its presenting Betty as a childhood friend of Fred and Barney (the original series asserted that they first met as young adults). Still, the series' assertions that Betty was a childhood friend of Wilma and that her parents ran a convenience store may be taken as valid. As young adults, Betty and Wilma were employed as cigarette girls/waitresses at a resort. There, they first met, and fell in love, with their future husbands, Fred and Barney (who were working there as bellhops). Eventually, Betty and Barney were married, presumably not long after Fred and Wilma. Betty became a homemaker, keeping house with such prehistoric aids as a baby elephant vacuum cleaner, pelican washing machine, and so forth. Betty, much like Wilma, also enjoyed volunteering for various charitable/women's organizations in Bedrock, shopping, and (occasionally) getting to meet the celebrities of their world, including "Stony Curtis" and "Cary Granite". Around the fourth season of the original series, Betty and Barney found an abandoned infant on their doorstep, by the name of "Bamm-Bamm." After a court battle (with the opposing side even hiring noted prehistoric lawyer "Perry Masonary," the two were allowed to adopt Bamm-Bamm. When Bamm-Bamm was a teenager, Betty gained employment as a reporter for one of Bedrock's newspapers, the Daily Granite, under the editorial guidance of Lou Granite (presumably a parody of The Mary Tyler Moore Show's Lou Grant). While employed there, she shared various adventures with prehistoric superhero Captain Caveman, who (in a secret identity) also worked for the newspaper. Later still, after Bamm-Bamm grew up and left home, Betty started a successful catering business with her neighbor and friend Wilma, before becoming a grandmother to Bamm-Bamm's twin children, Chip and Roxy.

Trivia


- For years, Betty was the one Flintstones character that wasn't included in the Flintstones chewable children's vitamins. This was eventually rectified.
- A modern version of Betty (with the same name) is one of Dexter's mother's friends on Dexter's Laboratory, complete with living in a modern-day house.
- From 1960 through 1964, Betty was voiced by Bea Benaderet, who gave Betty her distinct high pitched giggle. She played Kate on Petticoat Junction. Betty has also been voiced by B.J. Ward.

External links


- [http://www.topthat.net/webrock/index.htm Webrock - The Flintstones and Hanna Barbera Page] Rubble, Betty

Barney Rubble

Barney Rubble, a fictional character in the popular television animated series The Flintstones, is the diminutive blonde-haired caveman husband of Betty Rubble and adoptive father of Bamm-Bamm Rubble. His best friends were his next door neighbors, Fred and Wilma Flintstone. Barney lived in the fictional prehistoric city of Bedrock, a world where dinosaurs coexisted with cavepeople and the cavepeople enjoyed "primitive" versions of modern conveniences such as telephones, automobiles and washing machines. Barney's personality was based on that of Ed Norton on the 1950s television series The Honeymooners, played by Art Carney. As such, Barney tended to be much more jovial minded and easy-going than his friend Fred. While the two sometimes argued, Barney usually (though often reluctantly) supported whatever scheme Fred had in mind, with often disastrous results. Barney's interests included bowling, playing pool, poker, tinkering around in Fred's garage, and playing golf. He, like Fred, was also a member of the Loyal Order of Water Buffalos lodge.

Biography

While the mid-1980s spinoff series The Flintstone Kids depicts Barney as a child, the series seems to be mostly apocryphal due to its presenting Barney as a childhood friend of Wilma and Betty (vs. the original series' assertion that they first met as young adults). Still, the series' assertions that Barney had at least one younger brother, Dusty, was a childhood friend of Fred, and was the son of artist Flo Rubble and car dealer Robert "Honest Bob" Rubble might be taken as valid. The original series also suggested in one episode that Barney was the nephew of Fred's boss, Mr. Slate, though subsequent episodes and spinoffs don't seem to support this claim. As young adults, Barney and Fred worked as bellhops at a resort, where they first met Wilma and Betty. Eventually, Barney married Betty (as Fred did Wilma). Several episodes and spinoffs suggest that Barney, along with Fred, spent some time in the army early in their marriages. While the subject of Barney's occupation (or where he even worked) was never given during the original series, subsequent spinoffs suggest Barney went to work at the Slate Rock and Gravel Company quarry alongside Fred, at some point after the original series' episodes take place, possibly in some office role. One episode had Fred inadvertently getting him fired, then helping Barney finding work as a repo man who ended up having to repossess Fred's TV set. Around the fourth season of the original series, Betty and Barney found an abandoned infant on their doorstep, by the name of "Bamm-Bamm." After a court battle (with the opposing side, a wealthy man who also had wanted to adopt Bamm-Bamm, having hired noted prehistoric lawyer "Perry Masonry)," the two were allowed to adopt Bamm-Bamm. When Bamm-Bamm was a teenager, Barney joined Fred as part-time police officers for Bedrock's police force, where they were partnered with the Shmoo (of Li'l Abner fame). Later still, Barney became a grandfather when a married Bamm-Bamm and Pebbles had twin children, Chip and Roxy.

Trivia


- Barney, along with Fred, appear as pitchmen for Fruity and Cocoa Pebbles cereals. There, Barney usually tries to trick Fred out of said cereal through various tactics, usually via a disguise.
- Barney Gumble of The Simpsons is meant to be a homage to Barney Rubble.
- Until his death, voice artist Mel Blanc was the voice of Barney Rubble.
- On Dexter's Laboratory, someone who strongly resembles Barney is one of Dexter's father's close friends.

External links


- [http://www.topthat.net/webrock/index.htm Webrock - The Flintstones and Hanna Barbera Page] Rubble, Betty

Prehistoric


- The term prehistory (Greek words προ = before and ιστορία = history) is usually used to describe the period before written history became available. Paul Tournal originally coined the term Pré-historique in describing the finds he had made in the caves of southern France, and was used in French since the 1830s to describe the time before writing, then introduced into English by Daniel Wilson in 1851.
- The term became less meaningful in the 20th century as the boundary between history (strictly the written record) and other disciplines became less rigid and defined. Indeed today most historians rely on evidence from multiple sources and the notion of limiting historical study to a 5000 year span, out of a possible few million years of human existence, and of only those few world cultures that left written records, is no longer taken seriously. For example historians study the Celts, African civilizations and North American civilizations, even though they are by definition "prehistory".
- Prehistory can be said to date back to the beginning of the universe itself, although the term is most often used to describe periods when there was life on Earth; dinosaurs can be described as prehistoric animals and cavemen are described as prehistoric people.
- Because, by definition, there are no written records from prehistoric times, the information we know about the time period is informed by the fields of palaeontology, astronomy, biology, geology, anthropology, archaeology, indeed all the natural sciences.
- Human prehistory differs from history not only in terms of chronology but in the way it deals with the activities of archaeological cultures rather than named nations or individuals. Restricted to material remains rather than written records (and indeed only those remains that have survived), prehistory is anonymous. Because of this, the cultural terms used by prehistorians such as Neanderthal or Iron Age are modern, arbitrary labels, the precise definition of which are often subject to discussion and argument.
- The date marking the end of prehistory, that is the date when written historical records become a useful academic resource, varies from region to region. In Egypt it is generally accepted that prehistory ended around 3500 BC whereas in New Guinea the end of the prehistoric era is set much more recently, AD 1900.

Age systems


- Until the arrival of humans, a geologic time scale defines periods in prehistory. Archaeology has augmented this record and provided more precise divisions during later, human, prehistory.
- Human prehistory in the Old World is often subdivided by the three-age system. This system of classifying human prehistory creates three consecutive time periods, named for their respective predominant tool-making technologies. In the New World other naming schemes have been defined such as that listed in Archeology of the Americas.
- These very general systems of dividing up prehistory are being found to be increasingly inapplicable as archaeological discoveries suggest a much more complex view of prehistory.

External links


- The Neanderthal site at [http://www.geocities.com/patrickbringmans/veldwezelt-hezerwater.html Veldwezelt-Hezerwater], Belgium

See also


- Prehistoric art
- Prehistoric life
- Prehistoric music
- Prehistoric warfare
- Periodization Category:Periods and stages in archaeologyCategory:Anthropology ko:선사시대 ja:先史時代 th:ยุคก่อนประวัติศาสตร์

Bedrock (The Flintstones)

:For the type of rock, see bedrock. Bedrock is the fictional prehistoric city that is home to the characters of the television animated series The Flintstones.

Size

Though the opening credits of the original Flintstones series showed the town's population as only 2,500, Bedrock was generally presented as a medium-sized American city, with all the amenities of such, but with a "prehistoric" twist. For instance, dinosaurs were seen being used as cranes at the town's most well-known employer, "Slate Rock and Gravel" (also known as "Rockhead and Quarry Cave Construction Company" in the series' earlier episodes).

Features

The climate of Bedrock was somewhat undetermined, since different Flintstones episodes and media have portrayed it differently. Palm trees and cycads were common yard trees, suggesting a warm climate. However, episodes and movies set at Christmastime depicted plenty of snow. Sometimes the wilderness on Bedrock's outskirts appeared to be desert-like, whereas other times it resembled a tropical/subtropical jungle. In terms of educational features, Bedrock apparently had just one high school, Bedrock High School, alma mater of Fred Flintstone, and later his daughter Pebbles. Near Bedrock could also be found "Prinstone University" (a parody of Princeton University). For a town its size, Bedrock has a sizeable concentration of media. Bedrock had at least one radio station (which had the call letters "BDRX") several television stations, and several newspapers. One of the newspapers was The Daily Granite, edited by Lou Granite, that for a time employed Wilma Flintstone and Betty Rubble as reporters. Another was The Daily Slab. Television programs produced in Bedrock included the cooking program The Happy Housewife Show and the teen dance program Shinrock (a parody of 1960s television program Shindig). Other favorite programs of Bedrock citizens, though not produced there, included such fare as Peek-a-Boo Camera (a parody of Candid Camera) and variety program The Ed Sulleystone Show (a parody of The Ed Sullivan Show). In terms of entertainment, Bedrock featured a drive-in movie theater where films such as The Monster would play, the amphitheater The Bedrock Bowl, and several nightclubs. There were plenty of dining options in Bedrock as well, including a drive-in restaurant serving Brontosaurus ribs. Regarding health care, Bedrock had the Rockapedic Hospital, where Pebbles was born. Other businesses included bowling alleys, pool halls, health clubs, one catering service (as the owner proclaimed, "we're the only caterer in town!"), and the Pyrite Advertising Agency, where Pebbles worked as an adult. Not much is known of the layout of Bedrock, but it does include Cobblestone Way, the street the Flintstones and the Rubbles live (though the original series also listed it as Cobblestone Lane and as Stonecave Road). The people of Bedrock tended to be fairly friendly, if not without having various quirks. The denizens of Bedrock had a strong sense of civic spirit, and tended to participate in various charities, parades, and so forth.

Location

Bedrock was located in fictional Cobblestone County; presumably, the nearby town of Red Rock was located in Cobblestone County as well. However, no further location was ever given for any of these locations, besides being set in a prehistoric version of the United States. Bedrock was in one episode shown as being a two day drive from "Rock Vegas" (a parody of Las Vegas, Nevada) and, in another episode, several hours' drive from "Indiarockolis" (a parody of Indianapolis, Indiana). Travel to "Hollyrock," a parody of Hollywood, California, usually involved an "airplane" flight --- the "plane" in this case often shown as a giant pterodactyl.

External links


- [http://www.topthat.net/webrock/index.htm Webrock - The Flintstones and Hanna Barbera Page] Category: The Flintstones Category: Fictional towns and cities

Telephone

The telephone or phone (Greek: tele = far away and phone = voice) is a telecommunications device which is used to transmit and receive sound (most commonly voice and speech) across distance. Most telephones operate through transmission of electric signals over a complex telephone network which allows almost any phone user to communicate with almost any other. telephone network

Introduction

telephone network]] There are four principal means by which an end user using a telephone handset may connect to a telephone network: a traditional fixed phone "landline", which uses dedicated physical wire connections connected to a single location; wireless and radio telephones, which use either analog or digital radio signals; satellite telephones, which utilize telecommunications satellites; and voice over internet protocol (VoIP) telephones, which use broadband internet connections. Between end users, transmissions across a network may be carried by fiber optic cable, point to point microwave or satellite relay. Until relatively recently, a "telephone" generally referred only to landlines. Cordless and mobile phones are now common in many places around the world, with mobile phones expected to gradually displace the conventional landline telephone. Unlike a mobile phone, a cordless telephone is considered to be landline because it is only useable within a short distance of a small personal or domestic base station connected to a fixed phone line. The identity of the inventor of the electric telephone remains in dispute. Antonio Meucci, Philip Reis, and Alexander Graham Bell, amongst others, have all been credited with the invention.

History

invention] The very early history of the telephone is a confusing morass of claim and counterclaim, which was not clarified by the huge mass of lawsuits which hoped to resolve the patent claims of individuals. There was a lot of money involved, particularly in the Bell Telephone companies, and the aggressive defense of the Bell patents resulted in much confusion. Additionally, the earliest investigators preferred publication in the popular press and demonstration to investors instead of scientific publication and demonstration to fellow scientists. It is important to note that there is probably no single "inventor of the telephone". The modern telephone is the result of work done by many hands, all worthy of recognition of their addition to the field.

Early development

The following is a brief summary of the history of the invention of the telephone:
- 1849 Antonio Meucci, an Italian living in Havana, demonstrates a device later called a telephone. (The demonstration involves direct electrical connections to people. See Physiophony)
- 1854 Charles Bourseul publishes a description of a make-break telephone transmitter and receiver but does not construct a working instrument.
- 1854 Meucci demonstrates an electric telephone in New York. [http://chem.ch.huji.ac.il/~eugeniik/history/meucci.html]
- 1860 Johann Philipp Reis demonstrates a make-break transmitter after the design of Bourseul.
- 1860 Meucci supposedly demonstrates his telephone on Staten Island.
- 1861 Reis manages to transfer voice electrically over a distance of 340 feet, see Reis' telephone.
- 1871 Meucci files a patent caveat (a statement of intention to patent).
- 1872 Elisha Gray founds Western Electric Manufacturing Company.
- July 1873 Thomas Alva Edison notes variable resistance in carbon grains due to pressure, but shelves the discovery.
- 1874 Gray demonstrates his liquid transmitter telephone at the Highland Park Presbyterian Church.
- 2 June 1875 Alexander Graham Bell first transmits voice.
- 1 July 1875 Bell first uses a bi-directional capable telephone (Both the transmitter and the receiver were identical membrane instruments.)
- 14 February 1876 Bell files his first patent on the telephone.
  - Two hours later Gray files his patent caveat.
- 30 January 1877 Bell patents the electro-dynamic transmitter, receiver telephone telephone

Later history

1877 The history of additional inventions and improvements of the electrical telephone includes the carbon microphone (later replaced by the electret microphone now used in almost all telephone transmitters), the manual switchboard, the rotary dial, the automatic telephone exchange, the computerized telephone switch, Touch Tone® dialing (DTMF), and the digitization of sound using different coding techniques including pulse code modulation or PCM (which is also used for .WAV files and compact discs). Newer systems include IP telephony, ISDN, DSL, mobile cellular phone systems, cordless telephones, and the third generation cell phone systems that promise to include high-speed packet data transfer. The industry has divided into telephone equipment manufacturers and telephone network operators (telcos). Operating companies often hold a national monopoly. In the United States, the Bell System was vertically integrated. It fully or partially owned the telephone companies that provided service to about 80% of the telephones in the country and also owned